CHEM 1360 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. Magnetic materialsII. History of the Periodic Tablea. The Ideas of Democritusb. The Ideas of Lucretiusc. The Ideas of AristotleOutline of Current Lecture I. History of the Periodic Table: CONTINUEDa. Discovery of metalsb. Origin of Elementsc. The Alchemistsd. The Birth of Sciencei. Alchemical Discoveriesii. Greek Logiciii. Religious PhilosophyCurrent LectureHistory of the Periodic Table (CONTINUED): Rediscovery of the ElementsEarly Mankind came across a substance in the ground:- Not a stone, but something malleable (that is, able to be shaped and bent)- These substances, metals, were considered to be very special, filled with spirits and gods. - Gold was the most highly coveted of the metals because of it’s eternal natureThe origin of the concept of “elements”:- Greeks believed that there were four elements: earth, fire, air, and water.- Even as of 1777, there were only those four elements. These were said to be so simple that they could not be decomposed or altered, and that when combined they create compounds. o These ideas were right; they just had the wrong elements!The AlchemistsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Metals were still thought to be alive and full of spirits and gods- It was believed that with the right methodology, one metal could be changed into another. - Because of the gold’s great value and importance, the alchemists labored to no end attempting different ways to create it.o Gold was thought to be even more valuable than eternal life- The discovery of phosphorouso In an attempt to produce gold, alchemists boiled urine (because of it’s “gold” color), distilled it, and mixed it with other metals. Suddenly their creation ignited!What they had actually discovered was the chemical element phosphorous (P), which is highly and sometimes spontaneously flammable.The Birth of Science: The Three Factors- Alchemical Discoveries: while the alchemists were hard at work trying to produce gold, they “accidentally” discovered a number of elements.- Greek Logic: believed that the universe was totally mathematically oriented, and that the use of logic and reason can be used to arrive at any truth, even when that truth is not intuitively obvious- Religious Philosophy: The emergence of the first and only monotheistic religion at the time brought about the idea of a beginning and creation of the world (genesis) and that one God makes all of the rules. It was believed that God worked through the natural laws of the world, and that through experimentation and reasoning one could come to learn and understand these laws, God, and ultimately the universe. As a result, the desire to gain this ultimate understanding became the seed from which science