Jim Marshal Final Exam study guide:Matter: - Every physical material in the universe. - Made up of 100 elements(building blocks of matter)- Atoms usually found in the combined stateo Molecules, salts, alloys- A substance changes its composition, it undergoes a chemical change- A substance undergoes a physical change when its physical appearance changes, but its chemical nature does not.Measurement-temperature- 3 temp scaleso Kelvin Scale: same temperature increment as Celsius scale.o Celsius Scale: water freezes at 0degrees Celsius and boils at 100degrees Celsius.o Fahrenheit Scale: used in US. Water freezes at 32degrees farenheit and boils at 212degrees Fahrenheit.Density- Used to characterize substances- Density= Mass/Volume.Atomic Theory of Matter- John Dalton: Elements are composed of atoms- Compounds are formed when atoms of more than one element combine Atomic Structure- Ancient Greeks were the first to postulate that matter consists of indivisible constituents. Later scientist realized that the atom consisted of charged (+or-) entities.- A charged particle will have its path bend in either an electric or magnetic field.- B-radiation: Large deflection toward the positive plate corresponding to radiation which is negatively charged and of low mass. These B particles are light and of low mass. B particles are electrons.- The nuclear atom from the separation of radiation concluded that the atom consists of neutral, positively, and negatively charged entities. J.J. Thomson assumed all these charged species were found in a sphere.- Majority of the atom must consist of a low mass, diffuse negative charge-the electron.- To account for the small number of high deflections of the a-particles, the centeror nucleus of the atom must consist of a dense positive charge. - Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of the atom, which is small. Most of the mass of the atom is due to the nucleus.- Electrons are located outside of the nucleus. Most of the volume of the atom is due to electrons.Periodic Table- Metals are located on the left hand side of the periodic table (most of the elements are metals)- Non-metals are located in the top right hand side of the periodic table.- Elements with properties similar to both metals and non-metals are called metalloids and are located at the interface between the metals and non-metals.Ions and Ionic Compounds- When an atom or molecule gains electrons, it becomes negatively charged- Negatively charged ions are called anions- An atom or molecule can lose more than one electron.Atomic Pressure- Measured with a barometero The tube is inserted into a container of mercury to open the atmosphere and riseto 760mm up the tubeGas Laws- Boyle’s Law: P is inversely proportional to V (at constant T)o PV=constant- Charles’ Law: The volume of a fixed quantity of gas at constant pressure increases as thetemperature increases. o V/T=constanto Plot of V versus T is a straight line.o Define absolute zero, 0 K=-273.15 degrees CelsiusMolecular Theory (KMT)o Theory of moving molecules, explains gas behavior, gives us an understanding of temperature and pressure effects on the molecular level.Oxidationo Loss of electrons o Increases the oxidation number (more positive)o Reduction= gain of electrons o Reduction= decreasing the oxidation number (more negative)Batterieso The most practical applications of voltaic cell. o Sulfuric acid o Has a negative and a positive chargeo Has self contained anode/cathode compartmentsCorrosiono Corrosion is the entropy Monster’s greatest weapon.o Rusting cannot occur by itself o Most common type of rusting is