PSYCH 360:500Exam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 11 - 18Lecture 11 (October 7)Alcoholism and SmokingWhat are different treatments to alcoholism?Physical Detox and Medical Management: Symptom management is performed thorugh sedative-hypnotics, benzodiazepines and serotonin reuptake blockersPsychological Treatments: Insight Treatments – attempt to find out why an alcoholic might have a problem based on past occurrences and personality problems Behavioral-Cognitive Treatment – self-monitoring, self-management, contingencycontracting, systematic desensitizationWhat is Alcoholics Anonymous? Is it successful?Basic Philosophy – “the best person to reach an alcoholic is a recovered alcoholic”90 meetings in 90 days12-step program with spiritual focus Disease model is associated with it No more successful than other therapy groups, but more effective than informal treatment done alone~68% dropout rateWhat is the single greatest cause of preventable death in the US? What other health problems are associated with it?Smoking One fifth of all deaths in US are due to smokingAssociated diseases and health problems: Stroke, cancer, infertility, vascular disease, osteoporosis, asthma, decreased levels of HDLWhat factors are associated with adolescences and smoking?Parents smoke, Are of lower class, Feel social pressure to smoke, There has been a majorfamily stressorWhat interventions are used for smoking? What Prevention for smoking is done?Interventions Media Campaigns Changes in Social NormsNicotine Placement Therapy (Nicotine gum, transdermal nicotine patches, nicotine-replacement therapy)Brief Interventions (motivational interviewing)Prevention Creating “high Status” of non-smokerBehavioral Inoculation (i.e. role-playing to learn how to say no)Providing Information about negative effects of smokingLife Skills Training Approach (training in self-esteem enhancement so kids do not need to engage in activities like smoking to help self-image)Lecture 12 (October 9) Introduction to Diet and ObesityWhat are some reasons for changing dietary factors?Dietary Factors contribute to a number of Diseases (Coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes, cancer) Changing Diet improve health byLowering insulin levels and LDL (bad cholesterol)What are some reasons why people do not change dietary factors?People Modify for the wrong reason (i.e. for appearance not health)Maintaining change is difficult (preference for high-fat foods, changes in mood in personality can result)If person has low self-efficacy or low family supportStress has a direct effect on eating (Food reduces cortisol, a stress hormone) What are some interventions for modifying diet?Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions (i.e. stimulus control, contingency contracting, relapse prevention)Transtheoretical Model of Change (precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, maintenance, termination)Family InterventionsDietary counselor What happens during short term regulation of eating?Before (Hunger)Ghrelin spikes before mealAfter (Satisfied)Stomach distension, High glucose levels, intestines release CCK (bile), PYY is released, Ghrelin decreases What is Obesity and why has it become an epidemic?Obesity is characterized by excessive body fat (BMI ≥ 30)Reasons for EpidemicGenetic susceptibility, increasing availability of high-fat and high-energy foods, low levels of physical activity, average calorie consumption has increased, portionsizes have increased, soda consumption has increased What groups are at risk for obesity?Minorities, Lower SES (socioeconomic status) groups for women, increasing ageWhat physiological factors are associated with obesity?High basal insulin levels; larger fat cellsWhat is the Set point theory? Each person has an ideal biological weight What are treatments of Obesity? What public health approaches have been taken to target obesity?TreatmentsDieting, Fasting, Surgery, Appetite suppressing drugs, Multimodal/CBT approach, Exercise, Family InterventionsPublic Health Approaches“Junk Food” tax, Restriction of advertising to children, Health warnings regarding foods high in sugars and fatLecture 13 (October 14)Introduction to StressWhat is stress? What is the physiology aspect of Stress?Definition – demands exceed capacityPhysiology – Sympathatic-Adreno-Medullary System (SAM) is aroused with stressors and stimulates secretion of epinephrine and non-epinephrine into bloodstream What is Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome? What are the criticisms to it? Selye believed stress can be defined as negative emotional experience accompanied by predicable:Biochemical Changes – Glucocorticoid (i.e. cortisol) releasePhysiological Changes – Adrenal enlargement; Atrophy (degeneration) of thymus,spleen and lymph nodes; Intestinal and stomach ulcersBehavioral changes – Alarm, Resistance, ExhaustionCriticisms Limited role given to psychological factorsNot all responses to stress are uniform (i.e. individuals vary in personality, perception and biological aspects)Lecture 14 (October 16)Stress Continued… and Introduction to the Model of Cognitive AppraisalWhat is Allostasis? What is Allostatic load? What are types of allostatic load? Allostasis begins the adaptive process when initiated by a stressor, it is sustained for an appropriate time then shut off Allostatic load occurs when these cumulative physiological systems of allostasis occur over time and result in chronic stress Types – Repeated hits from multiple stressors; Lack of adaptation; Prolonged response; Inadequate responseWhat is Lazarus and Folkman’s Model of Cognitive Appraisal?Stress is a subjunctive experience that is determined by:Primary Appraisal – whether the stressor is threatening or notSecondary Appraisal – whether one has the resources (i.e. coping abilities) required to handle stressor Describe the experiment that discovered Learned Helplessness. Dogs in yoked control design (Group1 controlled shock, Group 2 had uncontrolledshock, Group 3 no shock) in wheel turn escape (phase 1)In phase 2, dogs in group 2 (who had uncontrolled shock in phase 1) did not attempt to escape shock when they could easily jump out of shuttle box  learned helplessnessDogs in group 1 (who had controlled shock) would try to escape shuttle boxLecture 15 (October 21)Introduction to Moderators of Stress and CopingWhat are stress moderators? Definition – Internal and external resources and vulnerabilities that modify how stress is experiences and the effects