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TAMU PSYC 500 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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PSYCH 360:500Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 2 - 9Lecture 2 (September 4)Introduction to the Biomedical ModelDescribe the characteristics of the original biomedical model. Which major advances which supported the use of biomedical model?Characteristics: Mechanistic - Body can be studied like a machine; Disease can be treated by removing the ailing part/destroying the foreign part Reductionistic - Treating only physically; Psychosocial factors (i.e. stressors) are not taken into account of physical healthAdvances: Vaccines, technological medicine (i.e. X-Ray, PET scan, fMRI), new surgical procedures (i.e. bypass, minimally invasive surgeries, ect.) Lecture 3 (September 9) Rise of Biopsychosocial ModelWho contributed to the rise of the Biopsychosocial model? How did they add to the Biopsychosocial model? Sigmund Freud (Psychoanalytical Contributions) “Mind and Body are linked” Specific unconscious conflicts can lead to particular physical disturbances and occur through the voluntary nervous system. Throughout this process, the person is freed from anxiety because the conflict has been converted into a physical symptom Helen Flanders Dunbar and Franz Alexander (Psychosomatic Medicine)Personality linked to specific illnessesPsychological conflicts produce anxiety which, in turn, has a physiological effect through the autonomic nervous system Examples of the disease studied: asthma, ulcers, and hypertensionWhat factors also attributed to the rise of Biopsychosocial model? Changing Patters of Illness Decline in contagious diseases; Decline in infant mortality; Decline in total mortality; People living longer; Increased health comprising behaviors; 50% of deaths linked to lifestyles/behaviors Escalating Health Care CostsTechnology; Insurance; Aging population; Defensive medicine; Technological imperative; Physician incomes; Medical imperialism; Pharmaceutical costs Contemporary View Point of Mind and Body Relationship Physical health is interwoven with psychological and social environmentAll conditions of health and disease are interwoven in this way The mind and body cannot be separated in matters of health and illnessMore Focus on Tertiary CareEnd of Heroic Medicine Early methods of medicine where patients had to be heroic and go through bleeding, blisters, purgatives Scope of MD TrainingAverage Physician is not trained to assist in psychological healing as well as physicalPhysicians must work with others who are trained in this Lecture 4 (September 11)Cognitive-Behavioral MethodWhat action-oriented therapies are involved in Cognitive-Behavioral Method? Self-observation/Self-MonitoringClassical Conditioning (aka Pavlov Conditioning)Linking bell to dog salivating when receiving foodAssociation between two stimuli is formed - A neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with a biological unconditioned stimulus (US)US will cause an unconditioned response (UR); Eventually the conditionedstimuli will cause a conditional responseConditioned Emotional Responses Conditioned Stimuli creating an emotional unconditioned response whichalso becomes conditioned response after time Can be used as treatment in the form of Relaxation TrainingAversion Therapy – aversive unconditioned stimuli used to create an aversion to another stimulus i.e. antabuse - paired with alcohol (US) aversion response is created as you become violently illSystematic Desensitization – counter conditioning Wolpe’s systematic desensitization - Step-by-step relaxation training is used throughout a process that elicits negative emotional responses Chemotherapy Nausea Reduction Learned negative associates are created when chemotherapy is given (i.e. to foods eaten before, the hospital itself)Counter conditioning is used to reduce the aversion to things that are helpful for you during chemotherapy (food, going to hospital to receive chemo)i.e. scapegoat foods – condition an aversion to something already dislikedLecture 5 (September 16)What is Operant Conditioning? What types of Responses are created from stimuli in Operant Conditioning? Operant Conditioning - Learning that involves a reward when behavior is performedResponse-outcome relationship is what leads to learningReinforcementShaping – behavior is first begun in a very basic level and then criteria is increased until at the desired levelResponses and Stimuli Produced Positive stimulus produces stimulus – positive reinforcement Negative Stimulus produces stimulus – positive punishmentPositive stimulus prevents stimulus – negative punishmentNegative stimulus prevents stimulus – negative reinforcement What is required to perform a functional analysis of self-behavior? Which Models are involved inchanging self-behavior? Requirements Operational definition of target behavior – concrete measurements can be taken; Determine which variables are associated with target behavior of interest; Self-Observation; Self-Control of Behavior (Self-reinforcement); Contingency Contracting (rewards and punishment guidelines established with another); Covert Self-talk (and using it in a constructive way); Creating Behavioral AssignmentsModelsSORC- what variables and things affect S = external stimulus (i.e. time of day, social stimuli); O = organismic variables (i.e.thoughts and emotions); R = Responses (internal or external); C = Consequences (rewards or punishments) ABC Model A = Antecedent; B= Behavioral; C = Consequences Lecture 6 (September 18)Health PromotionCompare Illness Detection and Health Promotion in the Context of Changing Health Habits. Risk Frame - For illness detection it is important to make aware what may occur if it isn’tdone This method works better for behaviors that have uncertain outcomesGain Frame - For health promotion it is important to make aware the benefits that can be gainedWorks better for behavior that have uncertain outcomeWhat factors effect whether a person practices a health behavior? The person thinks there is a personal health threatThe person thinks the consequences of the problem are seriousThe person believes the behavior will effectively reduce the threatWhat is Self-Efficacy and why is it important to consider in terms of changing a health habit?Definition: Thee belief whether one is able to control their own practice of a specific behavior Importance: Further explains why people may not practice a health behavior; lack of self-efficacy can be a major barrier for taking actionWhat is the Theory of Planned Behavior? Health


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