AAAD 150 1nd EditionExam # 2 What was the concept of the Dred Scott Decision?- No one of African descent (free or enslaved) be called a US citizen.Who was Robert Smalls?- He was a contraband slave who became a sea captain and politician and freed himself, crew and their families from slavery by taking over confederate transport ship and sailed to freedom beyond the Federal blockade. What was the Massachusetts 54th Regiment?- They were the best known US Colored Troops and were the subject of the film “Glory”.They were also one of the first authorized black regiments.Who declared the Emancipation Proclamation?- Abraham LincolnWhich Emancipation Proclamation was more significant?- The final one.What were the 13th, 14th and 15th and 19th Amendments?- 13th: Outlawed slavery- 14th: Established citizenship and reversed the Dred Scott Decision- 15th: Gave black males the right to vote- 19th: Gave women the right to voteWho was the Ku Klux Klan?- They started in Tennessee, and the organization was formed by Nathan Forrest - Started many different riots and took over many different territories and were against all other cultures/ethnicities that were not “truly white”What was Plessy vs. Ferguson?- In 1896, Plessy bought a ticket for a first class seat but he got kicked out and brought his case to court. The court had ruled in favor of Ferguson and this marked thebeginning of the Jim Crow laws and an end to Reconstruction. Created the “separate but equal” outlook.What were the ideologies of Booker T. Washington?- He urged blacks to make friends with the whites to ultimately earn their respect. Called for black progress through education and entrepreneurship. He mobilized nationwide group of blacks, church leaders and white politicians with the goal of building economic strength through schooling. His long term goal was to end disfranchisement of African Americans living in Southern states and wanted to build communities through an economic foundation. What were the ideologies of W.E.B Du Bois?- He insisted on full civil rights and an increase in political representation. He believed it would be brought by African American intellectual elite. He also believed that African Americans needed chances for advanced education to develop leadership. He was mainly against racism which included lynching, discrimination in education and non-employment. He believed that capitalism was the primary cause of racism. What was white supremacy?- It was the belief that whites were superior to people with racial backgrounds. It was the political ideology that maintains social, political and industrial dominance of whites. There were different forms of white supremacism and they had different conceptions of who were considered ‘white’.Who was Ida B. Wells?- She was an African American journalist, newspaper editor, suffragist and leader in the civil rights movement. She documented lynching and showed how it was used as a punishment to those who competed with the whites. She was very active in women’s rights and established several women’s organizations, she also traveled internationally for lecture tours.Who were Jack Johnson and Joe Louis?- Jack Johnson was the first black heavyweight boxing champion, and Joe Louis was the second. Joe’s main opponent was Schleming and he defeated him on their second round and was known as a hero after that, and they become friends afterwards. Jack’s main opponent was Jim Jeffrey.What was the New Negro?- It was the movement of blacks from urban areas to the city and from the South to the North. It happened during the reconstruction era and over a million people had moved. This got many blacks away from segregation. Who was Marcus Garvey?- He was an independent African American leader and had global followers. He published the newspaper “Negro World” (3 languages). He was very influenced by the ideology of Booker T. Washington. He called for the unity of African descent all over the world. He created the UNIA (Universal Negro improvement association) which had the purpose of uniting blacks. He was a great orator and had many slogans. The most famous was “Up you mighty race, you will accomplish what you want