Psyc 320 1st EditionExam # 2 Study GuideChapter 4: Figures You Should Know: 4.1-4.9; 4.13-4.18; 4.25- Spatial Organization: How different locations in the environment and on the receptors are represented in the brain.- Retinotopic Map: A map on a structure in the visual system, such as the lateral geniculate nucleus or the cortex,that indicates locations on the structure that correspond to the locations on the retina. Locations adjacent to each other on the retina are usually represented by locations that are adjacent to each other on the structure.- Cortical Magnification: Occurs when a disproportionately large area on the cortex is activated bysimulation of a small area on the receptor surface. (i.e the relatively large area of visual cortex that is activated by stimulation of the fovea.- Brain Imaging: Procedures that make it possible to visualize areas of the human brain that are activate by different types of stimuli, tasks, or behaviors. The two most common techniques used in perception research are positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).- Orientation Column: A column in the visual cortex that contains neuron with the same orientation preference.- Location Column: A column in the visual cortex that contains neurons with the same receptive field locations on the retina.- Hyper Column: In striate cortex, unit proposed by Hubel and Wiesal that combines location, orientation, and ocular dominance columns that serve a specific area on the retina.- Ocular Dominance Columns: A column in the visual cortex that contains neurons that responds best to stimulation of the same eye.- Object Discrimination Problem: The behavioral task used in Ungerleider and Mishkin’s experiment in which they provided evidence for the ventral, or what, visual processing stream. Monkey’ were required to respond to an object with a particular shape.- Landmark Discrimination Problem: The behavioral task used in Ungerleider and Mishkin’s experiment in which they provided evidence for the dorsal, or where, visual processing stream.- What Pathway (Ventral): Pathway that conducts signals from the striate cortex to the temporal lobe, recognizing objects.- Where Pathway (Dorsal): Pathway that conducts signals from the striate cortex to the parietal lobe. The dorsal pathway, the bone, or the action pathway by different investigators.- Neuropsychology: The study of the behavioral effects of brain damage in humans.- Double Dissociation: In brain damage, when function A is present and function B is absent in one person, and function A Is absent and function B is present in another. Presence of a double dissociation means that the two functions involve different mechanisms and operate independently of one another.- Fusiform Face Area (FFA): An area in the human inferotemoral (TT) cortex that contains neurons that are specialized to respond to faces.CHAPTER 5Figures You Need To Know: 5.5, 5.6,5.10, 5.16, 5.17, 5.18, 5.19, 5.20,5.22, 5.25, 5.26, 5.27, 5.29, 5.31, 5.37, 5.41- Inverse Projection Problem: The idea that a particular image on the retina could have been caused by an infinite number of different objects. This means that the retinal image does not unambiguously specify a stimulus.- View Point Invariant: The condition in which object properties don’t change when viewed from different angles. Responsible for our ability to recognize objects when viewed from different angles.- Perceptual Organization: The process by which small elements become perceptually grouped into larger objects.-Gesalt Organizing Principle (similarity, proximity, good figure): - Similarity: A Gesalt principle stating that similar things appear to be grouped together.- Proximity: A Gesalt principle of perceptual organization that stated that things that are near to each other appear to be grouped together. (i.e Law of Nearness)- Good Figure (Pragnanz): A Gesalt principle of perceptual organization that states that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible.- Principle of Common Fate/ Region: A Gesalt principle of perceptual organization that states that things that are moving in the same direction appear to be grouped together.- Perceptual Segregation: Perceptual organization in which one object is seen as separate from other objects.- Figure-Ground Segregation: The perceptual separation of an object from its background.- Physical Regularities: Regularly occurring physical properties of the environment. For example, there are more vertical and horizontal orientations in the environment than oblique (angled) orientations.- Semantic Regularities: Characteristics associated with the functions associated with different types of scenes. These characteristics are learned from experience.- Unconscious Inference: - Likelihood Principle: The idea proposed by Helmholtz that we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received. CHAPTER 6Figure You Should Know: 6.2;6.5;6.6;6.7;6.8;6.10;6.16-6.18; 6.21; 6.22, 6.24-6.30- Attention: The process of focusing on some objects while ignoring others. Attention can enhancethe processing of the attended object.- Saccadic Eye Movement: Rapid eye movement between fixations that occurs when scanning a scene.- Stimulus Salience: Characteristics such as bright colors, high contrast, and highly visible orientations that cause stimuli to go in and out and therefore attract attention.- Attentional Capture: Occurs when stimulus salience causes an involuntary shift of attention. - Scene Schema: An observer’s knowledge about what is contained in typical scenes. An observer’s attention is affected by knowledge of what is usually found in the scene.- Inattentional Blindness: A situation in which a stimulus that is not attended is not perceived, even though the person is looking directly at it.- Change Blindness: Difficulty in detecting differences between two visual stimuli that are presented one after another, often with a short blank stimulus interpreted between them. Also occurs when part of a stimulus is changed very slowly.-Divided/Selective Attention: - Change Blindness: Difficulty in detecting differences between two visual stimuli that are presented one after another, often with a short blank stimulus interposed between them. Also occurs when part of a stimulus changed very slowly.-