Psych 320 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Exam 3 Definitions Ch. 7Figures You Need To Know: 7.1, 7.2, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6. 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 7.21, 7.22, 7.24, 7.25Ecological approach to perception – Focuses on studying moving observers and on determine how their movement creates perpetual information that both guides further movement and helps observers perceive the environment.Kinetic depth effect - refers to the phenomenon whereby the three-dimensional structural form of an object can be perceived when the object is moving.Optic flow – Information about how rapidly we are moving and where we are headed.Focus of expansion – The absence of flow at the destination point. Gradient of flow – The different speed flow – fast near the observer and slower farther away.Invariant information – Information that remains constant even when the observer is movingMirror neurons – Neurons that respond both when a monkey observes someone else grabbing an object.Premotor (mirror area; Fig. 7.7)Affordance – Information that indicates what an object is used for.Parietal reach region- The area within the monkey and human parietal cortex that are used to reach for things.Ch. 8Figures You Need To Know: 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.9, 8.16, 8.17, 8.24, 8.25, 8.28, Apparent motion – an Optical illusion of motion produced by viewing a rapid succession of still pictures of a moving objectInduced motion - an illusion of visual perception in which a stationary or a moving object appears to move or to move differently because of other moving objects nearby in the visual fieldMotion aftereffect - (MAE) is a visual illusion experienced after viewing a moving visual stimulus for a time (tens of milliseconds to minutes) with stationary eyes, and then fixating a stationary stimulus. The stationary stimulus appears to move in the opposite direction to the original (physically moving) stimulus. The motion aftereffect is believed to be the result of motion adaptation.waterfall illusion – When you look at a waterfall for 30 to 60 seconds and then look off to the sided at part of the scene that is stationary, you will see everything you are looking at move up for a few seconds.point-light walker – Small lights are placed on the joints of a person while they are carrying out actionsBiological motion – A self-produced motion that happens when a person is walking (such swinging the arms, the flattened arc of the foot)TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)Ch. 10Fig. 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7, 10.8,10.12, 10.13, 10.14, 10.15, 10.16, 10.17, 10.21, 10.28, 10.29, 10.33.10.34, 10.35, 10.36, 10.41, 10.42, 10.4310.44, Cue approach to depth perception – Identifying information in the retinal image that is correlated with depth in the scene.monocular cues – Cues that work with one eye.pictorial cues – Sources of depth information that can be depicted in a pictureocclusion – A cue that one object is in front of anotherrelative height – Objects with their bases closer to the horizon are usually seen as being moredistant. Meaning higher in the field of view causes objects on the ground to appear farther away, whereas lower in the field of view causes objects in the sky to appear farther away.relative size– When two objects are of equal size , the one that is farther away will take up less of your field of view than the other that is closer.familiar size – When we judge distance based on our prior knowledge of the sizes of objects.perspective convergence – When you look down parallel object and it appears to converge in the distanceatmospheric perspective – When distant objects appears less sharp then nearer objects and often have a slight blue tint.texture gradient – Elements that are equally spaced in a scene appear to be more closely packed as distance increases as in the scenes.motion parallax – During movement, nearby objects appear to glide rapidly past us, but more distant objects appear to move more slowlybinocular disparity – The differences on the images on the left and right retinas disparity-selective cells – Binocular disparity that provide information for the positions of the objects in space that implies that there should be neurons that signal different amounts of disparity.stereoscope – A device used to produce a convincing illusion of depth by using two slightly different picture.random dot stereograms – Patterns constructed by first generating two identical random dot patterns on a computer and then shifting a square-shaped section of the dots one or more units to the side.visual angle – The angle of an object relative to the observer’s eyesize constancy – The fact that our perception of an object’s size is relatively constant even when we view the object from different distances.Emmert’s law – The farther away an afterimage appears, the larger it will seem.Visual illusionsMuller-lyer illusion – The one of two vertical lines appear longer than the other even though they are both identicalPonzo illusion – Two images are placed together and one appears longer even though they areidentical.Ames room – Causes two people of equal size to appear very different in size.Ch. 11Figures That You Need To Know.: 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8, 11.10, 11.11, 11.15, 11.16, 11.18, 11.19, 11.20, 11.21, 11.22, 11.23, 11.24, 11.26, 11.28, 11.31, 11.30, 11.32, pure tone – Occurs when changes in air pressure occur in a pattern described by a mathematical functionamplitude – The size of the pressure changefrequency – The number of cycles per second that the pressure changes repeatHertz – The number of cycles per second that the change in pressure repeatsTimbre – The quality that distinguishes between two tones that have the same loudness, pitch, and duration but still sound.Loudness – The perceptual quality most closely related to the level or amplitude of an auditory stimulus Decibel – A unit of sound which converts large range of sound patterns into a more manageable scalePitch – The perceptual quality we describe as “high” or “low”, the property of auditory sensation in terms of which sounds may be ordered on a musical scale.Eardrum – At the end of the canal that helps keep this membrane and the structures in the middle ear at a relatively constant temperature.Cochlea – The main structure in the inner ear filled with liquidbasilar membrane/ tectorial membrane – Plays crucial roles in activating the hair cellshair cell – Receptors