4.3-8Banisteriopsis Vine - From Amazon Basin (long-distance trade)- Used there as a hallucinogen (only when mixed with Psychotria viridis, which was a local plant)- When used alone, was used as a medicineMarquet et al 2012- An attempt to explain why the mummies were made the way they were- Their argument (which is considered how NOT to think about deathways): o Mummification emerged when population grew, and aridity increasedo They believe these two things together would create a larger number of naturally mummified bodies lying aroundo Cultural innovations more likely when population was growing (lead to mummification)- Problems with their argument:o Association, not causation (just because the climate changed, that doesn’t mean that would cause a change in burial practices)o All cultures under all conditions “invent”o Why would bodies be lying around at all? Why not cremation or burial as an innovation?o Why mummify artificially if nature is already doing it?o Why did the Chinchorro stop the practice?Moche DeathwaysMoche- State level society with social classes- AD 200-600- Very different from the Chinchorro society- Left behind fantastic art, pottery, fine-line drawings, and frescoso Their art depicted the world around them in realistic wayso Show scenes of activity and life in Moche society- Capital site of Mocheo Had a Pyramid of the Sun and a Pyramid of the Moono Pyramid of the Sun (Huaca del Sol) Mudbrick terrace Massiveo Pyramid of the Moon (Huaca de la Luna) 3 connected terrace platforms built into a hill On top: complex of decorated rooms, plazas, and burialso Other platform centers Sipan Pañanarca San Jose de Moro Cao Viejo (El Brujo) Moche Deathways- Very strong conventions- Very consistent across space and time- Variability in treatments correlate with social status differenceso Body always extended on back (for all social classes)o Body always contained in something  Low status – wrapped in shroud, or a mat or ceramic egg if a little higher status High status – an actual coffin or even buried in a crypto Always had something put under their heado Something always covering the face Pottery if poor Gold if richo Something in the hando Grave good related to social role or occupation Men would be buried holding fishing hooks, for example Women would be buried holding weaving tools, for example - Social status was expressed in:o Quantity/quality of grave goodso Grave location Commoners would be buried below their house floor, while elites would be buried underneath public buildings Boot tombs – a burial chamber in the rough shape of a boot; elites were buried here Real elite were buried in crypts, or chambers in platformso Depth of grave The deeper you were buried, the higher your statusFirst Breakthrough in Moche Studies (1970s)- Chris Donnan’s thematic approacho He found that there were a small set (9-12) of themes expressed in fine-line potteryo These themes depicted in whole or in part (abbreviated) on each vessel Tule Boat Theme (changed stylistically between vessels due to different artists, but you can see similar characters and events) Bean Runner Theme (mythological meaning unknown) Burial Theme (shows burial in a coffin; coffin being lowered into a burial chamber by two iconic Moche figures: Old Wrinkle Face and Iguana; also shows body being pecked by birds, which could show sacrifice; important burials may have been accompanied by sacrifice) Presentation (Sacrifice) Theme (shows someone having their throat cut, and shows different priests)Second Breakthrough in Moche Studies (1990s)- Excavation reveals that what is shown in Moche art actually happened- The Presentation theme records sacrifices that actually happened- Burial 1 at Sipano Shows the Warrior Priest actually buried in clothes found on a buried manThree Major Burials in Sipan- Lord of Sipano Very elaborate burial chambers of mud brickso Burial chambero Sacrifices buried around him (both human and animal)o Spectacular coffin o Immense amount of gold- Old Lordo Lots of goldo Simpler than the Lord of Sipano Less human sacrificesAspects of Moche Burials- Murals as backdrops for burials- Sometimes human bones were incorporated into the art- Moche elite were buried with gold craft itemso Earrings, necklaces, etc.o Rich had gold face coverings, like gold “eyes” and “nose” that were placed on the person’s real eyes and nose- The “Decapitator”o A Moche god that is depicted ubiquitously on burial artHuaca de la Luna Sacrifices- 70 adult males warriors- Tortured and dismembered- Sacrificed- Usually were thrown down the pyramid to the plaza below, and were left however they landed- Usually pecked by vultures, which explains the birds pecking in burial art- These is the most disrespectful death treatment o These dead were not put in a container or put in the groundo Violates all Moche burial conventionso These are not “honored dead”- People were clubbed- Blood was taken from prisoners and put into goblets, presumably drank by rulersMystery of the Tattooed Woman (Williams 2006)- Females with male accouterments, like weapons- Female warriors?Archaeo-entomology of Burial 45- Pyramid of the Moon (normal burial, not a sacrifice)- Male, 20-30 years old- Skull is painted red (cinnabar pigment on the face; directly on bone, not flesh)o So the cinnabar had to have been put on after the flesh was gone and painted the skeletono Disturbed (in antiquity)- Insect remains on corpseo Puparia from 3 types of blow fly; these flies show up within hours of deatho Another fly type (Muscidae) lays eggs on corpse after 10 days; if you find this fly on the body, you know the body was exposed for at least 10 dayso Another type of insect is a type of wasp that leaves its eggs in fly maggots (parasitically); wasps hatch and leave after 30 days (none are found on Burial45) o This means that the body was put into the ground between 10-30 days after death- So Moche burials were exposed to corpse-eating insectso Body above ground or in open tomb for 4-5 weekso They wanted the body to be exposed in a way that they could have continued interactiono Secondary burial practices (an intermediary period?)Millaire 2004- Delayed/secondary burial (p. 375)o Seen in 10 percent of 500 grave sampleso An intermediary period?o Corpses “stored” for subsequent funerals Ex.