3.27 ***Updates to course:- should be reading (9) Mummy- over weekend start skimming (10) Moche- Moche exercise in recitation after Tuesday’s film (about readings and film)Chinchorro Culture- Coastal chile- 7-1500 BC- Sedentary villages (20-100 residents)- Dessert next to ocean- Diet based on seafood (50-80%, made up of fish and shellfish)- Why such dental abrasion?o Abrasion, not cavities (cavities go with agriculture)o Could be caused by sand getting mixed into what they were eating- Bodies were mummified when buriedo Sand sucked out moistureo They eventually were purposely mummified; they took out all of the muscles and organs and filled it with clay before putting skin back on- 200 mummies to dateo Mummies from all social classes, including infantso Usually found in small group clusters, which shows the importance of kinshiptieso Some were painted to look like they were wearing clothesInterpreting Chinchorro Mummies- Wanted bodies to appear lifelikeo But not as specific people, more like generic people without identifiable faceso Also the clothing painted on made them look more lifelike- Mummies had a role in living societyo Were used, moved (showed wear and tear and repairs)- “Cult of the dead” rather than conventional ancestor venerationo Chinchorro culture not focused on apical ancestors because there are mummified kidsOccupational Indications:- Auditory exostosiso Males to females – 9:1o Exposure to cold water; fishing- Spondylolysis o Spinal fractureo Usually 4th or 5th lumbaro 18% of males, 0% of femaleso Heavy hoisting, probably of dead seals, etc.- Paleopathology indicators in Chinchorroo Infant mortality of 25%, which was probably pretty averageo 24% of children show porotic hyperstosis (caused by non-nutritional anemia)o Harris lines  86% of the bodies, average 4.8 per person Females 50% more than males (in many cultures, girls are the last to eat) Most lines at 10-12 yearso Osteoporosis Severe in 30% of adult females Constant childbearing? More likely to be from parasites (from raw or undercooked seafood) Mostly pacificum (a worm) or tapeworm – probably the reason the people were anemico Tibial lesions – thickened, swelled, and curved tibial (“sabre shin”) 39% of burial population Treponema infections probably caused this (syphilis, both venereal and endemic) Pinta and yaws are the endemic forms of syphilis (not sexually transmitted, but through breaks in skin) which can cause lesions, BUTthe disease affecting these people was more genetically associated to venereal syphilis even though it ACTED like an endemic form (a strainnow extinct? Or modern strains are mutations?) Mostly in young females (6-12 years old)Chinchorro updates- Victims of chronic arsenic poisoning?o When the city Antofagasta, Chile started drawing drinking water from nearbyriver, there was an increase in infant mortality and birth defectso They discovered that there was arsenic in the drinking water up to 86x more than the modern guidelineso Source of arsenic was the geological sediments along the rivero Some Chinchorros lived around another river, even higher in arsenic contento After testing, it was discovered that some mummies had arsenic levels 100x above chronic arsenic levelo Arriaza hypothesis: chronic arsenic poisoning and earliest mummy cult related Arsenic caused high infant/child mortality rates Lead to parents mummifying kids The problem with this is that infant mortality rates were not exceptionally high (for the period) AND not only infants were being mummifiedo However, arsenic is a natural preservative; did this give the Chinchorro ideas?- Chemical analysis of ancient hairo Case study: psychoactive alkaloids in Azapa Valley, Chile on human