BIOL 1060 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Chapter 7 Biogeochemical cycles -matter can be recycled** Carbon –natural, human impacts/contributions Nitrogen – use of fertilizers, bacterial importance Sulfur – acid precipitation, human impacts/contributions Phosphorus – sources Water - transpirationRock Cycle – types of rocks –Rocks are converted from one type to another•Three categories of rock–Igneous•Solidified magma–Sedimentary•Sediments (sand, silt) bound by pressure –Metamorphic•Heat and pressure transform igneous or sedimentaryThe Rock CycleOver long periods of time, the matter that makes up one particular rock type can be transformed to create other types of rock. Note that this figure is not drawn to scale.EutrophicationDead zone/hypoxia – causesCentral Case: The Gulf of Mexico’s “Dead Zone” •Gulf of Mexico used to bring in 600 million kg/year shrimp, fish, and shellfish•Gulf “dead zone”: a region of water so depleted of oxygen that marine organisms are killed or driven away•Hypoxia: low concentrations of dissolved oxygen water Nutrient runoff devastates aquatic systems •Aquatic dead zones result from nutrient pollution from farms, cities, and industry.Hog Farming- Hog farming is HUGE in NC being the 2nd largest in the Country. - Majority of the farms lay in the eastern part of NC- CAFO= Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation- The farms confine animals for 45 days during growing season- The CAFO hogs only live 5-6 years because they are not fed what they should be fed. - Their food is not natural (such as grass), it is food that contains a lot of ingredients that quicken their growth- The hogs are kept sheltered at all times- Hog waste is used to spray fields for crops- An individual hog produces 4 gallons of waste each dayChapter 12 Water on earthIt's Mostly WaterThe water that covers over 70% of Earth's surface is essential to all life. •The global water budget –Over 70% of Earth's surface is covered with water –Equal amount of water evaporates as precipitates •Precipitation has three fates –Evaporation –Flow over land •Rivers, streams •Percolate to groundwater Fresh water resourcesWater BudgetOnly a miniscule fraction of Earth's water is in the atmosphere at any moment. Evaporation and precipitation move water through the atmosphere and bring fresh water to the land.Watershed/flood plain •Watersheds – defined by gravity and geological features–Area of land that drains to form a river or lake–Also called drainage basinsWatershedBecause water inputs and outputs can be measured, watersheds are ideal units for the management and study of water flow.Large ScaleThe watershed of the Mississippi River includes nearly one-third of the land inthe lower 48 United States. This watershed can be subdivided into six smaller watersheds that correspond to the land drained by major rivers. Eachof these is divisible into hundreds of yet smaller watersheds.Floodplain FeaturesA river's floodplain, shown here in cross-section, is shaped by the changing flow of water over thousands of years. Natural levees separate the stream channel from backwater areas, which receive water only during floods.Aquifers/salt water intrusion•Human water use–Nonconsumptive uses•Water use that returns to streams/aquifers–Hydroelectric power, wastewater in septic systems–Consumptive uses•Water not returned–Irrigation (becomes part of the plant or evaporates)–Industrial use–“Virtual” water (in our products)•Water that resides in rocks and soil beneath the ground–0.3% of Earth's water•Most in aquifers–Layers of sediment and rock saturated with water•Wide variation of volume of water storedDesalination•Desalination–Converting seawater to freshwater•Reverse osmosis–Filtering out salts•Expensive (cost and energy)–Cost effective in some regionsWater conservation/water reuse Water Conservation Policy and Law•U.S. Water Quality–1899 Refuse Act–Oil Pollution Act of 1924–Water Pollution Act of 1948–Clean Water Act of 1972•International Water Law–1997 Convention on the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses•U.S. water use–States set water rights•Eastern United States–riparian water rights–Landowners adjacent to water have right to reasonable use•Western states–prior appropriation water rights–Rights not connected to land–May be bought or sold like propertyVirtual water- In our products- Taking out of one place and putting it in another- EX: Strawberries in January (out of season) we get from Mexico because it is in season over there.Aquatic dead zonesDead Zone – Eutrophication and HypoxiaPoint/non-point pollutionHuman Impacts•Dams and diversions•Reduce water flow and disrupt system•Channelization and artificial levees•Reduces flooding, speeds water flow•Pollution–Point-source•From a specific location such as pipe/factories–Non-point-source•From a variety of sources across a landscapeNon-point and Point source pollutionSources of Water PollutionStormwater runoff from streets and other impervious surfaces is an example of non-point-source pollution. Chemical-laden water released from industrial facilities is an example of point-source pollution.Estuaries•Partially enclosed bodies of water where freshwater meets ocean water–Water movement complex•Tides, winds, water density, water flow•Among most productive ecosystems on Earth•Ecosystem services•Fisheries•Flood and storm surge protection•Sediment and nutrient absorptionOcean ZonesAs with lakes, Earth's oceans can be divided into several zones. Photosynthesis occurs in the photic zone. Primary production is highest in thecoastal ocean zone because of nutrient inputs from estuaries.Chapter 10Biomes – Deciduous, tundra, tropical rain forest, desert, savannah, grassland/prairie Know dominant form of vegetation, relative rainfall and location on Earth•Biomes–Communities of similar organisms in a particular climate–Determined by atmosphere and climate•Temperature and precipitation–May be grouped into three climatic zones•Tropical zone•Temperate zone•Polar zoneEarth's BiomesTen major biomes plus