ADSC 2010Exam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 11-22I. Horsesa. Both breed and colori. Appaloosa: mottled skin color, white sclera, striped hoovesii. Paint: all paints are pintos but not all pintos are paintb. Just a colori. Palomino: result of color dilution genesii. Pinto1. Tobiano: white with color spots2. Ovaro: color with jagged white spotsc. Draft: cold bloodsi. Percheron: most popular draft breed in Americaii. Belgian: genetic basis for almost all draft breedsiii. Clydesdale: increased hitchiness; feathering around hoovesII. Pigsa. Maternal breeds: usually have white bodies i. Yorkshire1. Most popular maternal breed2. Hardy & prolificii. Landrace1. Droopy ears2. Hump on backiii. Chester White1. American composite breediv. Meishan1. Highly prolific2. Poor growth and poor carcassb. Paternal (Terminal) breeds: colored, desirable carcass, good grower, heavy muscling, lean, less back fati. Duroc1. Dish in the head2. Droopy earsii. Hampshire1. Color with white belt2. Oldest breeds in USiii. Pietran1. Color spots with faded ring around them2. Heavily muscled3. Don’t handle stress very welliv. Berkshire1. Growth efficient (muscle & lean)2. 1st known swine registryc. Breed that is both a sheep and a pigi. HampshireIII. Nutrientsa. Basic Nutrientsi. Waterii. Carbohydratesiii. Lipidsiv. Proteinsv. Vitaminsvi. Mineralsb. Essential vs. Non-essentiali. Essential: can’t be synthesized ourselves so it has to be in dietii. Non-essential: can synthesize ourselvesiii. Does this different between species/digestive types? 1. Poultry have different list (12)iv. Essential fatty acids1. Arachidonic, linoleic, linolenicv. Essential amino acids1. PVT TIM HALL: Phenylalanine Valine Tryptophan Threonine Isoleucine Methionine Histadine Arginine Lysine Leucinec. What nutrients provide for animalsi. Water: for drinking & to add moisture to feedsii. Carbohydrates: energyiii. Lipids: energy, source of fatty acids, carrier of fat soluble vitaminsiv. Proteins: cell & tissue repair, growth & production, passage of oxygenv. Vitamins (micro): vision, tissue maintenance, blood clotting, growthvi. Minerals: inorganic components of bone & teeth (macro & micro)d. Levels of feedingi. Maintenance1. Basal metabolism, normal activity2. Rare condition for most animals (except horses)ii. Growth1. Adding tissue2. Building structural units in youngstockiii. Work (mostly equine)1. Above and beyond maintenanceiv. Production (non-terminal)1. Variability based on product2. While maintaining as welle. Structurei. Carbohydrates1. C, H, O2. Starch, sugars, & cellulose3. Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharidesii. Lipids1. C, H, O (higher proportions of C & H)2. Esters of fatty acids & glycerols3. Saturated: no double bonds; solid at room temperature4. Unsaturated: one or more double bonds; liquid at room temperatureiii. Proteins1. C, H, O, N, (S)2. Amino acids  peptides  polypeptides  proteinIV. Nutrient Breakdownsa. How energy is lostTDN: total digestible nutrientsb. Proximate analysisi. Heat it up to remove moistureii. Burn to leave only organic matteriii. Ash: mineral iv. Kjeldahl process: isolates & measures N1. CP x 6.25 = Nv. Ether extract: lipids vi. Van soest: 1. Neutral detergent fiber: cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin2. Acid detergent fiber: lignin, cellulose3. NDF - ADF = hemicellulose (partially digestible)vii. Nitrogen-free extract: carbohydratesV. Feedstuffsa. Feeds heavy in different nutrientsi. Grain: high in proteinii. Legumes: high in protein; most nutrient denseiii. Grasses: good source of Ca & Vit Ab. Foragesi. Legumes & grassesGross energyLossFecalDigestible energyLossUrine, gas, defecationMetabolizable energyLossHeat incrementNet energyHeat of metabolismHeat offermentationProductionMaintenance1. Cool season annuals: ryegrass, rye, oats, wheata. Ryegrass: high yieldb. Rye: lowest yieldc. Wheat & oats: high in fiber2. Cool season perennials: fescue, orchard grassa. Fescue: high yields3. Warm season annuals: millet, sorghum, sorghum-sudan, corna. Nutrient content high but yield lowb. Corn: least expensive4. Warm season perennials: Bermuda, Bahiaa. Common: smaller leaves with more stem (more lignin)b. Tifton 85: bigger leaves (higher fiber- cellulose, hemicellulose) with less ii. Hay: <30% moisture1. Square or round bales2. Preservation through drying (nutrient loss/leaf shattering)3. Harvest loss (not picked up or broken)iii. Baleage: 45-60% moisture1. Baled green in plastic (anaerobic  more nutrients)2. Preservation through fermentation (lactic acid production)3. Disadvantage: equipment more expensiveiv. Silage: 60-70% moisture1. Chopped into fine particles2. Stored in silage pits or solos  anaerobic3. Preservation through fermentation4. Harvest loss through ensiling processv. Corn silage has highest yieldsvi. Pearson square Corn: 7.5 32 32/39.5 = 0.81 (corn)= 39.5SBM: 47 7.5 7.5/39.5 = 0.19 (SBM)VI. Ruminants vs. Monogastricsa. Physical differencesi. Monogastrics: one true stomachii. Ruminants: 4 compartments to stomachb. Microbes vs. gastric digestioni. Microbes: bacteria, protozoa, fungi1. Amylolytic job: starch digestion2. Cellulolytic job: cellulose digestion3. Digest carbohydrates to produce volatile fatty acidsa. Acetic, propionic, butyricii. Gastric digestion: uses secretions to digest1. Gastrin: gastric secretions15%2. HCl: denatures proteins3. Pepsin: breaks down proteins4. EnzymesEnzyme What breaks downAmylase Starch  disaccharideTrypsin ProteinspolypeptidespeptidesChymotrypsin Peptidesamino acids & peptidesLipase Lipidsfatty acidsPepsin Proteinsamino acidsc. Advantages of ruminanti. Increase potential to digest feedii. Increased feeding value with a lot of feedsiii. Essential nutrients can be manufactured (vitamins, amino acids, fatty acids)iv. Deactivate some toxic thingsd. Disadvantages of ruminant i. Destroy essential nutrients b/c microbes use themii. Fermentation uses energy (lost as heat/gas)e. Horse differencesi. Hindgut fermenter: ferment in cecum, which comes after small intestinef. Different compartments of ruminant & their function & purposei. Rumen: 20% of weight1. Break down highly fibrous foods2. Fermentation vat3. Papillae: increase SA for absorption4. Digest cellulose effectivelyii. Omasum1. Many plies/folds for water, electrolyte, VFA absorption2. Grinding action to break down particles even moreiii. Reticulum1. Pacemaker for rumen (aid in contractions)2. Hardware disease due to its locationiv. Abomasum1. Similar to