EvolutionTable 12.1 Page 194Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Development of a TheorySlide 7Natural SelectionSlide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Figure 12.15 Page 190Evolution•Any change in the genetic constitution of a population of organisms. –Changes of lesser magnitude are called microevolution.–Changes at or near the upper extreme are called macroevolutionTable 12.1Page 194Individuals, and their alleles, move into and out of populations; the physical flow counters the effects of the other microevolutionary processesGene flowRandom fluctuation in allele frequencies over time due to chance occurrences aloneGenetic driftChange or stabilization of allele frequencies; an outcome of differences in survival and reproduction among variant individuals of a populationNatural selectionA heritable change in DNAMutationTable 12.1 Microevolutionary Processesphenotypes of original populationphenotype of island populationA seabird carries a few seeds, stuck to its feathers, from the mainland to a remote oceanic island.Development of a Theory•Lyell–Gradualism: Geological changes occur over millions of years.•Lamarck–Acquired characteristics are inherited•Darwin and Wallace –Natural SelectionNatural Selection•Four Mechanisms of Natural Selection–More born than can survive•Not everyone makes it–Variability in the population•Genetic differences–Heritability of traits•The differences are inherited–Fitness•Some produce more offspring than othersGeospiza conirostris G. scandensCerthidea olivacae Camarhynchys pallidusDo not post to Internet490 AA butterfliesdark-blue wings420 Aa butterfliesmedium-blue wings90 aa butterflieswhite wingsStarting population Next generation490 AA butterfliesdark-blue wings420 Aa butterfliesmedium-blue wings90 aa butterflieswhite wingsNext generation490 AA butterfliesdark-blue wings420 Aa butterfliesmedium-blue wings90 aa butterflieswhite wingsRange of values at time 3Number of individuals Range of values at time 2Number of individuals Directional selectionRange of values at time 1Number of individualsRange of values at time 1Number of individuals Range of values at time 2Number of individuals Stabilizing SelectionRange of values at time 3Number of individualsRange of values at time 1Number of individuals Disruptive SelectionRange of values at time 3Number of individuals Range of values at time 2Number of individualspercent of population20151051 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11birth weight (pounds)1007050302010532percent mortalityDo not post to InternetFigure 12.15Page