Unformatted text preview:

Energy in Marine Ecosystems: Marine Food ChainsPrimary producers are consumed by primary consumersCapture and Flow of EnergyThe Cycling of MatterFood ChainsSlide 6Figure 10.11Trophic LevelsSlide 9Food WebSlide 11Figure 10.13Antarctic Ocean Food WebEcological Efficiency and Ecological PyramidsEcological PyramidSlide 16Slide 17Figure 10.14bFigure 10.14aFeeding RelationshipsSlide 21Figure 15.02Pelagic Primary Producers Phytoplankton- DiatomsSlide 24Slide 25Pelagic Primary Consumer LarvaceanHoloplanktonHoloplankton- JellyMeroplanktonNektonPrimary ProductivityGlobal Primary ProductionGlobal ProductivityFigure 15.25bSlide 35Continental ShelfSlide 37Important characteristics to organismsFigure 13.05Soft-Bottom OrganismsThe EpipelagicSlide 42Seasonal Productivity-TropicsSeasonal Productivity- TemperateSeasonal Productivity- PolarCO 12Figure 12.01Figure 12.11Figure 12.12Figure 12.13aFigure 12.13bFigure 12.14Slide 53Slide 54Figure 11.19bFigure 11.25bFigure 11.33Figure 11.34Energy in Marine Ecosystems:Marine Food Chains•Begins with the primary producers •They are autotrophs (‘self’-‘feeders’) - Organism capable of making organic compounds, –Photoautotrophs, such as plants, use solar energy to help make these compounds in a process known as photosynthesis.Primary producers are consumed by primary consumers–Primary consumers , are heterotrophs (‘other’-‘feeders’)- Organisms incapable of making organic compounds from inorganic material, they obtain their nutrition by consuming autotrophs and derive energy through respiration. •Primary consumers are consumed by secondary consumers, a.k.a. tertiary producers.•And so on…Food chains vary in length.© 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.Capture and Flow of EnergyThe flow of energy through living systems.© 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.The Cycling of MatterThe cycling of matter through living systems.Food Chains•Food Chain- Energy and matter move from one organism to another as each eats a lower member and, in turn, is eaten by a higher memberFigure 10.11Trophic Levels•Each ‘link’ in the food chain is called a trophic level. (troph means food) –1st =Primary Producer •Ex: plants, algae–2nd = Primary Consumer•Ex: Grazer, herbivores–3rd = Secondary Consumer•Ex: Carnivores–4th = Tertiary Consumer, etc…•At each level, detrivores and decomposers are turning biomass into nutrients•Because organisms consume at various trophic levels, it is really more like a web, not a chain.Food WebFigure 10.13© 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.Antarctic Ocean Food WebDiatoms, and other primary producers, convert the energy from the sun into food used by the rest of the oceanic community.Ecological Efficiency and Ecological Pyramids•About 90% of biomass is lost when transferred from between trophic levels–Ecological efficiency= 10%•As trophic levels increase, biomass decreases–Why there are more squirrels than wolves in the worldEcological Pyramid2° Consumers3° Cons.1000 g Biomass100 g 10 g 1 g Primary ProducersPrimary ConsumersFigure 10.14bFigure 10.14a© 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.Feeding RelationshipsFigure 15.02Pelagic Primary ProducersPhytoplankton- DiatomsPelagic Primary ConsumerPelagic Primary ConsumerLarvaceanHoloplanktonHoloplankton- JellyMeroplanktonNekton© 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.Primary ProductivityOceanic productivity is measured in gC/ m2/yr.Global Primary ProductionGlobal ProductivityFigure 15.25bContinental Shelf•Richest part of the ocean, with the world's most important fishing grounds–Extends from the subtidal to the shelf break, the outer edge of the continental shelf where depths drastically increase–The average depth is around 150 m–Varies in width from less than 1 km to over 750 km.Important characteristics to organisms•Relatively shallow–Temps vary more here than in the deeper ocean–Affected by waves, currents and storms•Tides can cause particularly strong tidal currents•Wind waves can affect to 200m•Turbulence prevents stratification•Therefore more productive than the open ocean•Close to land–Rivers discharge into this zone of the ocean, bringing nutrients, phytoplankton and sediment•These combine to make the water murkier than farther offshore. Murkier water means light doesn't penetrate as deeply, reducing the euphotic zone depth.Figure 13.05Soft-Bottom OrganismsThe Epipelagic•The pelagic realm of the ocean describes the vast, open ocean.–The epipelagic realm is the upper part of this environment.•Depths only to about 200m•Corresponds to the depth of the euphotic zone–Euphotic depth the depth below which where there is no longer enough light for organisms to grow.–Divided into coastal, or neritic waters that lie over the continental shelf, and oceanic waters.Epipelagic Food WebSeasonal Productivity-TropicsSeasonal Productivity- TemperateSeasonal Productivity- PolarCO 12Figure 12.01Figure 12.11Figure 12.12Figure 12.13aFigure 12.13bFigure 12.14Figure 11.19bFigure 11.25bFigure 11.33Figure


View Full Document

HC BIOL 103 - Seabird Ecology

Download Seabird Ecology
Our administrator received your request to download this document. We will send you the file to your email shortly.
Loading Unlocking...
Login

Join to view Seabird Ecology and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view Seabird Ecology 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?