Child Psychology 560 Social Development and Social Cognition 3 03 04 2014 Relating to Others Peer Relationships Toddlers beginnings of friendship social play as opposed to parallel play o o conflict with friends compared to non friends o Prefer toddlers to adults Prefer friends Why Interact more more opportunities for conflict More expectations with a friend Play Development o Pretend Play 18 months old Discover world risk free Symbolic play Piaget Idea E g feeding pillow E g driving a box Culturally conditions What adults do o Ex their play phone is a hand now instead of how we used to Dramatic Play by age 3 Play is more complex Peaks at 6 coordinated fantasies kids share an imaginary world Rigidity sign of stress Play Rules Peers o Video stopping a game because someone doesn t know how to play or is breaking rules Peer Acceptance Rate peers Types o Popular most positives o Rejected most negatives esp aggressive least positives o Neglected liked or disliked by few below the radar o Average o Controversial liked or disliked by many Ex class clown liked because funny disliked because annoying Rejected kids o o Rejected kids are more at risk More school problems More psychological problems However chicken egg problem Possible reputational bias Being rejected because they have more school or psychological problems o Causes Parenting attachment IWM Parental gatekeeping coaching modeling Power assertion authoritarian parenting aggression Gatekeeping who can come over and who can t Cognitive skills Children who have better language abilities social cognition theory of mind executive function inhibit certain behaviors Other causes Poverty if someone comes to school with the same clothes or smelly Stereotyping Negative outlooks emerge over childhood o o o o o Race Gender Wealth Weight Attractiveness How are inter group attitudes formed Presence of salient difference gender race ethnicity o o Bigler Camp 6 9 year olds Blue or yellow t shirt groups Functional Use vs No Functional Use o o Within Functional Use Group grouped by biological attribute hair color vs Random After a month measure attitudes Groups towards in and out group Individual Peers Results Functional Use Matters Biological vs Random didn t matter More self esteem More negative intergroup attitudes Ex If a blue shirt self reports high self esteem they have more negative attitudes towards yellow shirts Take Home Message If you want to avoid development of in group out group members don t divide children based of off attributes In out group behavior Sherif 1953 Robber s Cave camp 11 year old boys strangers o o o Middle Class Bright Well Adjusted 2 Separate Camps Competition o Hostilities emerged Flag burning raids o o Social didn t work Cooperation worked o Given a water tank goal that had to be done by both groups working together couldn t be done by one Patterns changeable Sibling Relationships Video Aggression Types o o o Instrumental A A as means to an end To obtain a concrete goal because you want something Ex hitting a sibling because you want a toy Hostile A Hurting others Relational A damage friendships social status self esteem Instrumental A o o Ex say things behind someone s back to damage More instrumental A between ages 1 2 Age 2 Possession Want toy someone else wants Winning matters Relational A o Girls Video Mean Girls Social Learning Theory o o Learn aggression from observation Bandura 1965 Bobo doll you can hit it and it bounces back Preschoolers saw A adult model Conditions that child is watching Model rewarded Model punish No consequences Results More aggression if adult not punished Learn that A is acceptable from adults Implications given our culture Punishment Aggression o Dodge 1994 kids entering kindergarten Parents Disciplinary practices Kids saw short videos Negative social acts Ex kid accidentally bumps another spilling his juice Asked how they would behave 6 months later measure amount of aggression If harmed during discipline 12 more aggression Ambiguous events more of a hostile interpretation Reactive Aggression Dodge Another Form of Aggression o o o Retaliatory Hostile attributional bias Dodge Expect hostility from others Children expect others to be hostile in ambiguous situation Find cues compatible with bias o Ex juice spilling interpreted as being intentional React aggressively Increased in physically abused kids Resilience N N o Moffit Caspi New Zealand study o Maltreated boys If genes coded for more MAOA a protein activity LESS likely to have antisocial problems Genes protect against environment RESILIENCE Genetic vulnerability Negative outcomes 03 04 2014 03 04 2014