4:30 Tomorrow or Today: Midterm Review Session!Kids to test available on Saturday AM (see Yammer)Attachment (A)Introduction thoughtsReciprocal ties between parents and infantsFrom interactions with caregiversDevelops over time (you don’t have before your child shows up)Big individual differencesDifferent from temperament (nature); attachment (nurture)Temperament is about the kid, attachment is about the relationship with caregiverSimilar with temperament in that they both have huge differencesBowlby: Attachment TheoryNaturalistic observationWar orphans (WWII): many kids separated from their parentsInfants in orphanagesHospitalized toddler1940s institutions: 1/10-20 ratio (between caregivers and children)1st 3-6 months: typical developmentsmile, cry, babble2nd 6 months: atypicalquiet, insensitive to othershigh mortality rateBowlby: Evolutionary explanationSafety mechanism for exploringImprinting?Separation = danger?Closeness decreases distress (separating increases distress)Parent = secure base (e.g., social referencing: look to caregiver)Parent will help you navigate the worldStages of AttachmentPre-A (0-6 weeks): need close contactNot much about relationship with caregiver, anyone can pick them upA in the making (to 6-8 months)Familiar vs. new peopleClear-cut ACaregiver as secure baseReciprocal RelationshipsInternal working model of self & otherSet of expectations you have for how others will react or care for youAlso has to do with the caregiver, not just the kidMeasuring A: AinsworthStage Situation paradigm (1-2 year olds)Measures child-caregiver securityInteraction, stranger anxiety, reunion (3 phases)A Types (pg. 429)Secure (65%)Resistant (10%): don’t explore, upset when mom leaves, ambivalent after return (mad?). Anxious.Avoidant (20%): little distress when mom leaves, ignore after returnDisorganized [Type D] (5-10%): + insecure, confused, absence of A patterDazed, freezingStability of AFor at least several monthsStability of child’s life?Family stress: secure  less secureApplying IWM (internal working model) self/otherEarly in life, you develop a set of expectations that you carry as time goes onWorld might not always conform to those expectations, but you maintain themInternal Working Model (IWM)Shows how to behave towards othersGuides interactionsUse in all relationships (?)For own kids?If model effective, change itResilienceConsequences of A: SO MANY CONFOUNDS!2 year old problem solvingSecure + cooperative3-5 year oldsecure + curious + teacher relationships10-15 year old- dependentIndividual Differences(1): Quality of caregivingSecure A: responsive, positive, structured interactions. Driven by kid needsResistant A: inconsistent caregiving. Driven by parent’s needs.Avoidant A: rejecting or overstimulatingDisorganized: 85% of maltreated kids(2) TemperamentKagan: SS measures TEasy T = Secure ADifficult T = Resistant ASlow-to-warm-up = Avoidant ALimitations of Temperament HypothesisDifferent A with each parentT interacts with parentingE.g., parents of difficult T can learn to be more sensitive  secure attachmentsCultural InfluencesEffects of child-rearing:Kibbutz: 50% resistant, 37% secureGermany: + avoidantIdeal of independent infantJapan: + resistant, no avoidantRarely left with strangersIs A a cultural construct?Atypical Variations in ParentingIntroductionIsolationAbuseParental mental health issuesIsolationHarlow: animal model1950sBaby monkeys in isolationWire & cloth surrogate mothersReceived milk from only oneResults:Prefer cloth momPoor OutcomesAvoid other monkeysAbuse own babiesNo internal working modelTherapy: younger ‘normal’ peersHuman Social DeprivationPost-institutionalized ChildrenLack physical and emotional contact with a primary caregiverProblems establishing social bondsLack of developmentally appropriate stranger warinessNegative effects of early institutions (international adoption: Pollak)Brain development (slowed)Motor developmentEmotion understanding‘Emotion hormones’: OxytocinPost-institutionalized: no increase in release of oxytocin by touch of caregiverControl group: burst of oxytocin release when there is caregiver interactionRecovery: possible, not complete?Age effects: get out early if possibleEarly adoption is good because there is less time in an institutionalized systemWhy?Multiple caregivers?No: okay if enough staff (don’t show as many challenges)Cultural variation in number of caregiversVariation in quality of institutionsSocial Stimulation TheoryContingencies between infant and adult behaviorInstitutions: Lack of control/predictabilityLearned helplessness: stop tryingElicit response and don’t get one multiple times, stop tryingChild MaltreatmentNeglect, Physical Abuse, Sexual Abuse, Emotional AbuseNeglect is the most common form of maltreatmentMedical neglect is very low, but still at 2.3%Some Facts about MaltreatmentAbuse, deprivation, neglect, poverty, trauma6 million kids maltreated annually2012: 4.5 deaths per dayFactors Contributing to MaltreatmentParents:unrealistic expectationsMisinterpret normal behaviorLack of knowledge childStress managementIsolationSubstance AbuseChildPrematurity (more demanding?)Poor healthTemperamentMaltreatment = Increased PathologyNot ALL children who experience maltreatment with have a bad outcome BUT…More mental health problemsResilienceChild Psychology 560: Emotional Development (3) 03/04/20144:30 Tomorrow or Today: Midterm Review Session!Kids to test available on Saturday AM (see Yammer) Attachment (A)-Introduction thoughtsoReciprocal ties between parents and infantsoFrom interactions with caregiversoDevelops over time (you don’t have before your child shows up)oBig individual differences oDifferent from temperament (nature); attachment (nurture)Temperament is about the kid, attachment is about the relationship with caregiver oSimilar with temperament in that they both have huge differences -Bowlby: Attachment Theory oNaturalistic observation War orphans (WWII): many kids separated from their parents Infants in orphanagesHospitalized toddlero1940s institutions: 1/10-20 ratio (between caregivers and children)1st 3-6 months: typical development smile, cry, babble2nd 6 months: atypical quiet, insensitive to othershigh mortality rate oBowlby: Evolutionary explanationSafety mechanism for exploring Imprinting?Separation = danger?Closeness decreases distress (separating increases distress)Parent = secure base (e.g., social