Emotional Development RoadmapToday: internal and external factorsThursday: development of emotions (expression, recognition, regulation)Tuesday: caregiving and attachmentInternal Factors: individual differencesTemperamentStyle of responding to the environmentAttributes (pg. 401)Fearful distress: adjustment to new situationsIrritable distress: fussiness, anger, frustrationAttention span & persistenceActivity level: amount of movementPositive affect: approach, cooperationRhythmicity: regularity of bodily functionsMeasuring TThomas & Chess: 1950s sampleParental questionnaires, longitudinalIdentified behavioral traits3 types of T (temperament)Goldsmith et al: Behavioral observationsAlso EEG, cortisol; less biased than questionnaires?T Types of babiesEasy (40%): predictable, positive, adaptableDifficult (10%): active, irritable, unpredictableSlow-to-warm-up (15%): inactive, moody, slow to adaptWhat about the other 35%?Stability of TNZ study: negativity stable from 3-21Behavioral inhibitions: high in fearful distressKagan: 4 month olds (fussing, arousal)Extreme cases still shy at 7.5 years!Kagan video:Claims can tell what kind of temperament babies will have by testing them at 4 monthsSwings set of toys in front of babyNature not nurtureAlso use EEG tests to measure electricityOutgoing/shy babies show different patterns in different hemispheresGenetic InfluencesT seen very youngBehavior geneticsTwins: MZ more similar than DZAdoptees dissimilarEthnic differences:Chinese-American babies more placid than Anglo-, Afro-, or Irish-Problems with THow many types?3, 5?Stability only modestInfluenced by stability of environmentT alters environmentSelf-fulfilling propheciesNature/nurture interactionExternal Factors: ParentingNormative variationsSpoiling: responding too much?Learned helplessness: responding too littleKey is parental sensitivityBaumrind’s Parenting Styles (p. 469)Supportive/unsupportive and demanding/undemandingVignetteAuthoritative?Authoritarian?Permissive?Disengaged?Styles change!Over timeFor different kids in the same familyEffects of TDepending on contextFactors Affecting Parent Style: SESParents with low SES more likely to be authoritarian and punitiveHigher SES parents more likely to be accepting and democraticWhy?An authoritarian style may be adaptive to protect children in unsafe living conditionsEconomic stress: less quality of parentingAround 22% of USA kids live in povertyMarital status, depression, substance abuseModerated by supportive relationshipsNormative Variation: Day CareQuality criticalRatioCaregiver stabilityNICHD studyBuffer from poor parental careCan be negative effects if too much timeParental attitudes matter!Child Psychology 560: Emotional Development (1) 03/04/2014Emotional Development Roadmap-Today: internal and external factors-Thursday: development of emotions (expression, recognition, regulation)-Tuesday: caregiving and attachmentInternal Factors: individual differencesTemperament-Style of responding to the environmentAttributes (pg. 401)-Fearful distress: adjustment to new situations-Irritable distress: fussiness, anger, frustration-Attention span & persistence -Activity level: amount of movement-Positive affect: approach, cooperation-Rhythmicity: regularity of bodily functionsMeasuring T-Thomas & Chess: 1950s sampleoParental questionnaires, longitudinal -Identified behavioral traits-3 types of T (temperament)oGoldsmith et al: Behavioral observations Also EEG, cortisol; less biased than questionnaires?oT Types of babiesEasy (40%): predictable, positive, adaptableDifficult (10%): active, irritable, unpredictableSlow-to-warm-up (15%): inactive, moody, slow to adaptWhat about the other 35%?-Stability of ToNZ study: negativity stable from 3-21oBehavioral inhibitions: high in fearful distressKagan: 4 month olds (fussing, arousal)Extreme cases still shy at 7.5 years!Kagan video: Claims can tell what kind of temperament babies will have by testingthem at 4 monthsSwings set of toys in front of babyNature not nurtureAlso use EEG tests to measure electricity Outgoing/shy babies show different patterns in different hemispheres-Genetic InfluencesoT seen very youngoBehavior geneticsTwins: MZ more similar than DZAdoptees dissimilar oEthnic differences: Chinese-American babies more placid than Anglo-, Afro-, or Irish--Problems with ToHow many types?3, 5?oStability only modestInfluenced by stability of environmentoT alters environmentSelf-fulfilling propheciesNature/nurture interaction External Factors: Parenting -Normative variationsoSpoiling: responding too much?oLearned helplessness: responding too little oKey is parental sensitivity-Baumrind’s Parenting Styles (p. 469)oSupportive/unsupportive and demanding/undemanding-VignetteoAuthoritative?oAuthoritarian?oPermissive?oDisengaged?-Styles change!oOver timeoFor different kids in the same family Effects of ToDepending on context-Factors Affecting Parent Style: SESoParents with low SES more likely to be authoritarian and punitive oHigher SES parents more likely to be accepting and democraticoWhy?An authoritarian style may be adaptive to protect children in unsafe living conditionsEconomic stress: less quality of parentingAround 22% of USA kids live in poverty -Marital status, depression, substance abuseModerated by supportive relationships -Normative Variation: Day CareoQuality critical RatioCaregiver stability oNICHD studyBuffer from poor parental careCan be negative effects if too much timeoParental attitudes