Child Psychology 560 Social Development and Social Cognition 1 03 04 2014 Friday April 25 Research project due in mailbox 2nd floor of Psychology by 5 00 PM Today Development of Self Thursday Development of Social Cognition with Professor Kristin Shutts Tuesday Social relationships Who Am I Development of the Self Self Recognition Measure o o Gallup 1970 Chimps in mirror Rouge Test 1st threatened 2nd explored self Test Mark face with dye o o Explore in mirror Youtube Video Self Recognition in Apes Initial fear erect fur changes into curiosity Naturally assume it is another chimp Begins to play By the age of 2 half of all children recognize themselves in a mirror Mirror test suggest elephants are self aware Infant Self Recognition Rouge Test Video Self Awareness Video o 3 4 month olds little interest o o o 10 month olds reach for reflected toy understand a little 18 24 month old reach for rouge Same age that behavior is done even if mirror is novel How Does Self Recognition Arise o Self concept in middle childhood beyond recognizing same person in mirror External attributes internal qualities 1 Categorical 4 7 years Children are able to describe themselves of who they are Brown eyes play baseball Catholic happy 2 Comparative 8 11 years Bigger than others tallest in class good at school upset easily Notice yourself relative to others 3 Interpersonal Implications 12 15 years I have blonde hair which is good because boys like blondes I m very shy so I don t have many friends I understand people so they tell me their problems Social Comparison Increases around 8 9 years o Why More time with peers Ruble athletic ability 5 9 years old o Background Information o o Ball into hidden hoop Told successful same amount Manipulations told about how the other kids did Three groups Relative success others worse Relative failure others better Control group only own score no comparative information at all Results 9 year olds rated self relative to others Related to other people whether better or worse or control 5 7 year olds did not matter what you told All control All related themselves to the control Self Esteem Definition Evaluative Aspect of Self How to measure o o 7 years old Social acceptance general competence In general 8 years old physical academic competence appearance likeability Peers parents peers judgments start to matter more than parents Is there a dip at adolescence of self esteem o Yes Decline when multiple stressors pile up Suicide 3rd most common cause of death o No Most 11 14 year olds show no decline Gradual increases over adolescence Compliance Kochanska 2 3 year olds new toys o Session 1 asked to put them away leaves the room Responses Committed compliance Situational compliance most common o Need prompting Defiance not compliant 10 Brings children back for more sessions Oh sure get up and do what they were told to do Results Stable across sessions Internalization of compliance Internalization of Compliance o Due to parent child relationship Firm with rationale compliance Reasonable to demands of children committed Insensitive to demands of children situational Threatening or criticizing defiance o Relatively stable trait Parental Compliance What kind of example does this father set for kids Video Achievement Motivation Definition Willingness to strive o o o Joy in mastery 2 years old Approval seeking 2 3 Depends on others Used of own standards 3 Pride Shame Linked to emergence of secondary emotions Where does Achievement Motivation come from o Home Attachment Stimulating ness More opportunities different achievements They have opportunities for stimulation to achieve and see the benefits Authoritative parenting firm democratic supportive praising enhances self esteem o Peers Foster achievement Support or reject achievement Achievement Attributions AA Locus of Causality Stable Cause Unstable Cause Internal Ability External Task Difficulty Effort Luck o o Ability internal stable I got an A on that test because I m really good at psychology I did bad because I m bad at multiple choice Task Difficultly external stable o Luck external unstable o I did better on this test because it was easier than the last one I got lucky because I happened to be in class the three days that had questions that proved whether or not I was at class Effort internal unstable I did well on the test because I studied really hard I did poorly because I was sick so I couldn t study as much The good one Effort controls your success Parenting Teaching Advice don t need to know Praise effort not ability Not you re so smart what a genius o Undermines motivation But wow you try so hard at that Participation trophies Achievement Attributions cnt d o Risky Pattern Success external failure internal Frustrated little reason to improve From punishing failures Helpless orientation As early as 4 6 year olds Fostering Achievement o Attribution retraining Failures due to unstable causes o Encourage to work harder Dweck The mind is a muscle Growth mindset vs Fixed mindset Training mindsets Neuroscience 03 04 2014 03 04 2014