Child Psychology 560 Infant Sensation Perception and Learning 3 02 11 2014 Infant Learning Memory Cross modal learning Mouth tactile experience tells a little about shape holding a pacifier Modality different senses touch taste sound sight smell Does it take a lot of experience to develop links between senses Visual motor matching Pacifier study Meltzoff o o o 2 pacifiers 1 smooth 1 knobby feel look different 0 1 month old habituated in mouth Visual perception test showed pictures of two pacifiers o o o mouth Results Baby looked longer at matching pacifier If you stayed in a single modality they would show preference for novel one but if you switch modality it matches the one from before Confound many babies have had experience with pacifiers and bottles o Will the baby visually recognize the only pacifier they experienced in their Control breast fed infants same results Built in link between vision and motor system Adaptive Visual auditory Matching Spelke 4 month old saw 2 films on 2 screens o o o Bouncing kangaroo Bouncing donkey different speeds Played soundtrack from one or the other Infants preferred matching film Vowels o o Number beats and objects o Babies would see mouth making a new sound and hear opposite sound Babies look at matching face Make a link with number on screen and beats they hear Emotions 7 month old match happy sad voices with the right face Ramifications of visual challenges Strabismus lazy eye o Sensitive period for binocular vision Congenital cataracts reversible o o o Project Prakash Sensitive period What can be learned Difficult time figuring out how object works Cross modal task After surgery they are a chance Learning Memory in Infancy Imitation Earliest form of learning Do newborns imitate o o o Meltzoff Moore Took newborn babies with little visual experience Tried to elicit behaviors that were normal for newborn behaviors E g tongue out purse lips surprised face Sometimes Vocal Imitation Is imitation a form of learning More early learning Habituation Classical Conditioning o E g tone air puff o Newborns learned to shut eyes Memory Recognition o Recognition familiar things E g multiple choice exam Recall o Remember absent things without a reminder E g essay exam Recognition Memory Rovee Collier mobile studies o o Instrumental operant conditioning reward contingent on behavior Tied ribbon to babies foot to a mobile baby quickly learned that if they kicked they saw the mobile move o Entertained by kicking Results Learning Kicking moves mobile reinforces kicking Memory Memory Improves memory response for mobile 2 month old 3 days 3 month old 7 days Reminders help o o o 3 month old trained wait month then shown mobile Passed test next day reactivated memory from a little reminder Context dependent Change mobile s form o o o Training A shaped trinkets Testing B shaped trinkets No Memory learned something specific about the way it works Change mobile s color o o Train of red test on blue Memory mostly focused on contrast Recall Memory Deferred imitation o o Imitate something seen earlier Not like the neonates Require memory representations Deferred Imitation Meltzoff 6 9 month old novel actions with novel objects o Imitated 24 hours later Watched televised model o Imitated 24 hours later Imitations of intentions Meltzoff 18 month old observe adult trying but failing to operate toy o o Imitate what the adult tried to do 24 hours later But not what the machine tried to do Categorization Central to learning memory Allows interpretation of new information Can ignore irrelevant information o E g VOT Animal Categories Eimas Quinn 3 month old Habituation pairs of horses Test horse with cat giraffe etc Results o o Dishabituate to non horses Same for cats o Category excludes dogs and lions Knowledge of animal species Perceptual Categories Visual similarity Shared features Categories are also conceptual Animacy alive Taxonomy Biology 1 year olds Mandler Method sequential touching task o o Toy models E g birds and airplanes Will infants group conceptually or perceptually DV order that the things get touched Results Conceptual categorization o o o 1 year olds use animacy 1 year do not Possible confounds eyes Tested airplanes with eyes Same results Categorization Involves Perception auditory visual etc Memory Learning Adapts to experience o o Expertise can shift our categories Long lasting 02 11 2014 02 11 2014