BIO 200 Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 11Lecture 1 (August 25)Introduction to the CourseProfessor Lindqvist reviewed the course syllabus and topics we will cover over the semesterLecture 2a (August 27) History of the Earth and Major EventsKey Concepts: formation of the Earth, cosmic calendar, dating and time scales, early life- Be familiar with cosmic calendaro Earth(our solar system) formed in Sept, modern humans evolve in last 6 minutes,most of human history in last 60 seconds- Stars/planets are accumulation of debriso Protoplanetary disk: rotating disk of dense gas around newly formed star Masses in outer ring of disk become protoplanetso Gravity outside of sun’s reach causes matter to condense around protoplanets Earth completed in 10-20 mil yrs 4.6 MYA- Hadean Eon: no free O2, Earth completely molten, no oceans & no protective atmosphereo Part of Precambrian supereon, lasts for 150 mil yrso 4-3.8 BYA bombardment caused cracks in Earth’s crust Steam released  form clouds  form oceans and atmosphereo Ends with first life 4.2-3.8BYA after Earth cools- Know all of this occurred because of…fossils, strata of sedimentary rocks, radioisotope dating, optical/luminescence, molecular data- 4 main time periods in Earth’s historyo Precambrian supereon 4.6BYA-543MYAo Paleozoic era 543-250MYAo Mesozoic era 250-64MYAo Cenozoic era 65MYA-now (*Paleogene pd + Neogene pd = Tertiary pd)- First life is cyanobacteria found in stromatoliteso Occurs in Hadean Eon, modern stromatolites found in Australia- Multicellular life comes late in Precambrian (1BYA) found in fossils- Paleozoic era had lots of soft bodied fossils (trilobites)- Cambrian explosion may have been mini Big Bang in beginning of Paleozoic erao Rapid diversification of marine organismso But now have more evidence of Precambrian life- Paleozoic era has first land plants and animals- Paleozoic era ends with Permian Extinctiono 90% of marine life & 75% of terrestrial life dies due to rapid drop of O2 levels- Mesozoic era is age of reptiles & appearance of first mammalso Ends with mass extinction, possibly by asteroid (K-T or K-Pg boundary)- Cenozoic era is age of mammalsLecture 2b (August 29)Origin of Life and History of the Theory of EvolutionKey Concepts: extra-terrestrial origins, what life is, Earth before life originated, 4 steps, supernatural v. scientific explanations for creation- Did life begin here or come from space?o Unknown answer, could have come to Earth via asteroido Panspermia: idea that life began elsewhere and came to Earth- Life has 2 characteristics: organization and ability to reproduce- 3.8BYA (Hadean Eon) Earth was molten rock, had no free O2 (reducing atmosphere), highenergy environment- 4 Steps to Life on Early Eartho Abiotic synthesis of organic materials Easier in reducing environment (shown in Miler-Urey experiment)- Results: amino acids, nucleotides, sugar, ATP, lipidso Formation of polymers Ocean shores had clay (positively charged with iron and zinc) Negative monomers get stuck in clay, find each other and combineo Formation of protobionts Make phospholipid bilayer  liposome  cello Origin of hereditary material First life probably came from RNA world because…- Easily forms abiotically, can self-replicate (works well in zincclay)- Has hereditary info, has catalytic properties (can act as enzyme)- We’re not exactly sure how life specifically began- Supreme being created life, organisms function as dictated by power, never change- Anaximander 611-546BCEo Greek philosopher with “scientific” evolution theoryo His theory (told as a story) included common descent & transmutation of speciesLecture 3 (September 3)History of Evolutionary ThinkingKey Concepts: origins of evolutionary thought, Darwin and Darwin’s followers- Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1798o Tried to understand divine play by seeking organism similarityo Created binomial nomenclature and hierarchical classification- James Hutton 1726-1797o Founder of modern geology  natural processes shape rock formationso Gradual change leads to massive change over time 1st major western contradiction of young Earth Hypothesiso Sedimentation: sediment deposited by water was compressed to form stone Great Geological Cycleo Gradualism: profound change is cumulative product of slow but continuous processes  pushed Earth’s age back mil of yrs- Adam Smith 1723-1790o Laissez-faire economics and benefits of competition- Jean Baptise-Lamarck 1744-1829o 1st truly complete theory of evolution  environmental forces shape adaptationo Use & disuse now know some acquired traits may be passed on - Thomas Malthus 1766-1834o Noticed that populations & food supply creates competition (exponential v linear)o Accounts for famine, food shortages, etc. in history (periodic occurrence)- Georges Cuvier 1769-1832o Establishes comparative anatomy & paleontologyo Verifies extinction occurs (mammoth & megatheniumelephant & sloth)o Proponent of catastrophism  current world came from big event- Charles Lyell 1797-1875o Processes that shape ancient geology are same as those in modern timeso Steady accumulation of minute changes  gradualismo Geologic principles formed  uniformitarianism- Charles Darwin 1809-1882o Common descent & natural selection (worked with birds and turtles)o Found fossils in rock strata with modern shells  no catastrophic evento New species come from existing species  evolutionary tree- Alfred Russel Wallace 1823-1913o At Malay archipelago & notices different bird species between islands 20mi aparto Produces idea that islands with similar birds are connected (or were connected)o Islands that are close now but with different species weren’t close in past because they’re on different tectonic plates  Wallace’s Lineo Co-discovered natural selection & prompts publication of Darwin’s theory- Gregor Mendel 1822-1884o Genetics  traits inherited by predictable laws- Watson & Crick 20th centuryo Discovered structure of DNA & how heritable info can be passed onLecture 4 (September 5)Darwin’s EvidenceKey Concepts: natural selection hypothesis and evidence, modern evidence, implications of hypothesis and evidence- Darwin’s hypothesis for evolution: must be variation in population, variation must lead to differences among individuals & variations must be transmitted to next generation- Darwin’s