BIO 200 Exam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 12 - 15Lecture 12 (October 1)ProkaryotesKey Concepts: differing from eukaryotes, classification, metabolism, Archaea & Bacteria- Make up 2/3 of domains in tree of lifeBacteria & Archaea, oldest and simplest life formsProkaryotes EukaryotesUnicellularity typically Uni- or multi-Internal structure No membrane bound organelles Highly compartmentalized, many organellesChromosomes Single, circular DNA Double membrane bound nucleus, w/ multiple chromosomesCell division Binary fission Mitosis & meiosisGene transfer Horizontal RecombinationFlagella Simple, single fiber Very complex, 9 + 2 structureCell wall Peptidoglycan or pseudomurein Some organisms, no peptidoglycanSize small large- Cell walls differ in Bacteria and Archaeao Gram-positive: uniformly dense cell wall mostly ofpeptidoglycano Gram-negative: very thin peptidoglycan layer & outermembrane- Bacterial shapes: bacillus (rod), coccus (sphere), spirillum (spiral)- Metabolism: aerobes and anaerobeso Obligate: aerobes  need O2, anaerobes  no O2 o Facultative: go between cellular respiration and fermentationo Aerotolerant: tolerate O2 but can’t use it- Autotroph v. heterotroph and chemo v. photoo PA: break CO2 into sugar and release O2, chlorophyll to gain energyo CA: get energy by breaking chemical bonds into organic materials, CO2 = organic material, makes sugaro PH: can’t break down CO2 so need different C source, sulfur byproduct, bacteriophyll to gain energy, carbon source = other organismso CH: heterotrophs- Genetic comparisons differentiate 3 domains: Bacteria & Archaea have 5, Bacteria & Eubacteria have 6, Bacteria & Archaea have 3Endospores: dormant for long timeFilamentousExtreme heat loversHeat lovingCritical photoautotrophsAxial filaments, common pathogensVery small, parasitic cocciLecture 13 (October 3) Origin of EukaryotesKey Concepts: earliest eukaryotes, traits, origin of organelles, endosymbiosis- Arise between 2.7-1.7 BYA- From Prokaryote  Eukaryoteo Lost cell wall  in folding of plasma membrane  cytoskeleton & ribosomesgained  nucleus, flagellum, lysosomes from ER  mitochondria  chloroplastso Gained flexible cell surface, cytoskeleton, nuclear envelope, digestive vacuoles,endosymbiosis- Traits: multicellular (allows for flexibility), sexual reproduction (genetic diversity),compartmentalization of organelles- Infolding of plasma membrane formed ER, nuclear envelope and nucleus- Aerobic bacterium  mitochondria, photosynthetic bacterium  chloroplasto Endosymbiosis: 1 symbiotic organism lives inside anotherProtistsKey Concepts: traits, multicellularity- Vary in locomotion, cell surfaces, nutrition and reproduction causing lack of unityo Use cilia, flagella or pseudopodiao Photoheterotrophs or chemoheterotrophs o Asexual or sexual- Show development of multicellularityo Eukaryotic cells (come from protists) begin living in close association  form colonies individuals in colonies have different roles  colony functions as individualTypes of ProtistsKey Concepts: 6 different types- Alveolata: identified by presence of alveoli- Stramenopila: fine hairs extend from flagella- Rhizarians: unicellular and aquatic- Excavates: diplomonads & parabasalids don’t have mitocohondria, euglenids are heterotrophs or photoautotrophs- Amoebozoans: have amoeba and slime mold- Opisthokonts: are fungi, animals and choanoflagellatesLecture 14 (October 6)Origin of Land PlantsKey Concepts: evolution, land invasion, life cycle, red algae,chlorophytes & stonewortsDiplontic Life Cycle- In transition to land had to overcome drying out, structural support and reproduction methods- Adaptations:o Embryophytic (enclosed embryo)o Cuticle (protective film)o Stomata (controls gas exchange)o Pigmentation o Fungal relationshipo Tracheid cells (in xylem of vascular plants, transport H2O and salts)o Thick spore wallso Seeds- Haploid phase gets shorter as plants evolve- - Chloroplasts come from primary endosymbiosis (asingle event that gave rise to red and green algae, 2 membranes)- Secondary endosymbiosis: 3 membranes, ate red or green algae to get chloroplasts (ex: brown algae)- Land plants come from green algae  photosynthetic because of primary endosymbiosisNon-seeded Land PlantsKey Concepts: embryophytes, bryophytes, moss life cycle, tracheid cells, lycophytes & monilophytes, fern life cycle- Land plants Haplodiplontic Life Cycle(embryophytes) include: non-vascular, seedless vascular, gymnosperms (non-flowering), angiosperms (flowering)o Non-vascular = no tracheid cells- Bryophytes: non-vascularo Embryophytic, gametophyte dominant, sporophyte dependent on gametophyte, need H2O for sexual reproductiono Antheridium: produces & contains male gametes, Archegonium: female versiono Short plants because they lack structural support, keep body close- Leaves are work center for sugars & nutrients, roots are work center for H2O & minerals- Vasuclar = support and system of transport- Tracheophytes: seedless vascular plants o embryophytic, sporophyte dominant, free-living gametophyteLecture 15 (October 8)GymnospermsKey Concepts: seed importance, life cycle, 4 different groups- Benefits of seeds: embryophytic, dispersal, dormancy- Most ferns are homosporous  1 type of spore- Seed plants are heterosporous  microspore (pollen grain) goes to megasporangium (spore producer) for fertilizationo Remember haplodiplontic plant life cycleo Exception: here haploid stage is ¼ of the whole cycle instead of ½ - Male gametophyte = pollen graino Microsporangium: produces sporeso Microspores: become male gametophytes (microgametophytes- Female gametophyte (mega-) has protective tissue, dependent on sporophyte (diploid stage in plant life cycle) for nutrition- Seed plants: all heterosporous, dispersal, dormancy, reduction of gametophyte stage, sporophyte = dominant form- Seed = mature ovule containing embryo (after fertilization)- Cycads: slow growing, dominant in dinos, bare cones, mutile (swimming) sperm- Gingkos: 1 species left, dioecious, high tolerance for pollution- Gnetophytes: vessel cells analogous to angiospermsAngiospermsKey Concepts: flowers & fruit, life cycle, success - Most successful plant, have flowers- Pollen, seeds, flowers (via pollinators) & fruit allow for dispersal- Ovary becomes fruit & holds ovules  fruit = nutrition & attractiveness - Life cycle has double fertilization to gain nutrients- Female gametophytes: 7 celled & 8 nucleio