BIO 200 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Lectures: 25 - 27Lecture 25 (November 12)Ecology and ClimateKey Concepts: what ecology is and how climate is controlled- Ecology: study of distribution and abundance of species- There are 2 parts to ecology: abiotic (physical elements) and biotic (living)- Climate is controlled by 3 factorso Variation in light intensity Varies across globe because of Earth’s tilt and our atmospheric currents Hadley circulation patterns cause wet and dry parts of Earth- Circulation is repeated around the Earth (warm, wet air rises; moisture precipitates; cool, dry air falls)- Causes forest and desert placement around the worldo Angle of Earth creates seasons when combined with orbito Variation in local conditions Rain shadows caused by coastal mountains create strong forests and deserts around a mountain Slope variation of hills/mountains Increased elevation causes adiabatic cooling Local climate ex: lake effect snow- El Nino and La Nina  trade winds pushing cold upwells along South America to warm Australia and vice versa- Pacific Decadal Oscillation: shift between El Nino and La Nina occurs every 20-30 yrs- You can’t always predict the outcome of climate/weatherLecture 26 (November 14) Biomes and Niche TheoryKey Concepts: types of biomes and how niches act- Biomes are defined by temperature and rainfall- Types:o Tundra: cold and dry, Arctic and high elevationso Boreal/Taiga: temperate evergreen foresto Temperate deciduous forest: more species than boreal, less coniferous, rainfall increaseo Temperate Grassland: dryer, same rain as boreal, most biomass underground as rootso Hot deserto Cold desert: more rain than hot, bad winter, very limited growtho Tropical Savannah: heavy summer rainfallo Tropical rainforest: highest biomass production, high species and heat, poor soil from epiphytes = poor root system- Species range does not equal biome range- Niche: entire set of resources a species needs to surviveo Multiple species = competition or coexistenceo Can be partitioned, niche packing determined by resource levelo Fundamental: entire area species could inhabito Realized: area species actually inhabits- MacArthur’s warbler  niche partitioningLecture 14 (October 6)Species Interactions and CompetitionKey Concepts: types of interactions, competition effects and coexistence- Interaction = competition, predation or symbiosiso Competition: 2 or more species need same resource (-/-)o Predation (+/-)o Symbiosis: long-term interaction Mutualism + + Commensalism + 0 Parasitism + - Ammensalism - 0- “Ghost of Competition’s Past”- MacArthur, divided niches with multiple species that coexist show previous competition occurred- Competition types  solve with niche partitioningo Exploitation: 1 species lowers other’s resourceso Interference: 1 species prevents another from gaining access to resources- Species shouldn’t coexist but they do- Intraspecific competition can lower interspecific competition- Intermediate disturbance = highest diversity- Coexistence: resource partitioning, disturbance, predation, intraspecific competition andcharacter