Direct treatment (25%)Individual therapy750:1 Inmate/Psychologist ratioCognitive or Cognitive-Behavior OrientationWhat types off services are provided?Mental illness recoveryDepression, psychotic episodes, anxietyEmotions management (anger)Institutional adjustmentPersonal growthRisks and Criminogenic needsSusbstance abuse?Administrative duties (30%)The unseen career pathAssessment & Evaluation (20%)IQ, Violence Risk, Mental DisorderForensic Assessment Instruments (FAIs)“…directly relevant to a specific legal standard”Insanity/Competency MeasuresForensically Relevant Instruments (FRIs)Focus on clinical issues rather than legal definitionsHCR-20, PCL-ROther Instruments:MMPI, PAi, WAIS, Projective testigResearch (<5%)Policy EvaluationWas an intervention successful? Was a change effective? How do we knowHow can programs be designed for optimal testing and evaluation>Simultaneous vs. Sequential Eyewitness ProceduresHow could we determine which policy results in greater eyewitness accuracy?What might be problematic in conducting policy change?“…directly relevant to a specific legal standard”Insanity/Competency MeasuresFocus on clinical issues rather than legal definitionsHCR-20, PCL-RLogicalEx: 99% of “hard drug” users began with weed, so weed must lead to “hard drug” use, right?No, this is not a logical statement and therefore cannot be deemed scientificNon-Circular ReasoningDescriptions are not explanationsEx: “The man looked disoriented so he must have multiple personalitiesObjective and ReliableData are not strongly influenced by subjective evaluations or biases.FalsifiableIdeas are able to be tested and refutedReplicableOther studies produce similar results given similar methods of experimentation- Correlational MethodSignificance testingWhat’s the chance that there is no relationship between the 2 variables?Limitations of Correlational AnalysisCausality required a controlled investigation in which we examine the effect of one or more independent variables on a dependent variableDesign comparison groupsExperimental groupsControl groupsExperimental MethodRandomly assign participantsRandomly choose whether or not the participant is in a certain testing group or notEliminate alternative explanationsDistribute individual differencesRandom assignment is different from random sampling, which aspires for representative groupsRandom sampling: Sampling people from the population at random, hoping to get a good representation of a populationInternal vs. External validityInternal: is the study set up soundly?Quasi-ExperimentsCant assign participants to the desired group. Look at pre-existing group and try to come up with conclusions from that data.Randomly assigning patients to a “no treatment” condition that would severely impact healthEx: randomly assigning kids to abusive homesConfounds can be managed by using “matched” control groupsAgeGenderGeographic locationSESRandomly choose whether or not the participant is in a certain testing group or notGeneral acceptance in the field to which it belongs before it can be used in court1. Falsifiability: can the theory be tested? Has it been tested?2. Peer review: has the theory be subjected to evaluation by knowledgeable peers?3. Reliability: is the evidence presented reliable? Does it have a known error rate?4. Acceptance: has the theory been generally accepted by the relevant scientific community?What might be the problem with this requirement?The Conduit/Educator: bias free, neutral expert who’s disinterested in who “wins”The Advocate : expert has a theoretical, political or personal investment in the issue at handThe Hired Gun: expert’s opinion is determined by which side is willing to pay him or herThe 4th Cell: the conduit-advocate. The data are so clear the expert can objectively advocate for a given position/outcomeEdens et al. (2012) expanded on Mossman’s research to investigate allegations of various forms of bias26 search terms including “for sale”, “advocacy”, “junk science” and “snake oil”Total Cases (thru 2009):160Total Disparaging Comments: 245Large minority of cases involved disparaging comments about the mental health field in general (vs. individual expert witness)“…the jury doesn’t need the so-called help of expert hired guns to offer their opinions.”Psych evaluations try to determine if candidates have good judgmentPurpose is to protect departments form risk and bad exposureAntisocial Behaviors (ANTA)Actively anti-social doing bad things, anything that violates social norms or othersEgocentricity (ANTE)Not seeing things from another perspectiveStimulus Seeking (ANTS)Proneness to boredomMentally Disturbed Hostage TakerTrapped During CrimeInmatesCapture GuardsCapture Other InmatesTerroristsHostage situations are instrumental, goal oriented, rational, substantive demandsBarricadedWith or Without VictimsSuicidal MotivationEmotional Motivation“Victims-to-Be”KidnappingHi-JackingNon-hostage situations are expressiveEmotional ventilationNo clear goalNon-substantive demandsStressorsExposure to critical incidentsTraumatic crime scenesPhysical threatPsychological threatWorkplace discriminationLack of cooperation and support among coworkersJob dissatisfactionNegative evaluation by the press and public“Burnout”Emotional exhaustionDe-personalizationInsensitive, don’t care about things anymoreLack of motivation(1) lack of rewards (especially positive feedback)(2) lack of control over job demands(3) lack of clear job expectations(4) lack of support from supervisorsAntecedentWhat fantasy or plan, or both, did the murderer have in place before the act? What triggered the murderer to act some days and not others?Method and mannerWhat type of victim or victims did the murderer select? What was the method and manner of murder: shooting, stabbing, strangulation or something else?Body disposalDid the murder and body disposal take place all at one scene, or multiple scenes?Postoffense behaviorIs the murderer trying to inject himself into the investigation by reacting to media reports or contacting investigators?Modus OperandiStandard way of committing a crimeMethod of procedureA dynamic, malleable, learned behaviorSignatureA ritualistic “calling card” enacted for psychological gratification; not needed to accomplish the crimeOften points to the motivationStaging“Red flags” of staging include inconsistencies in the crime scene… entry, placement of body, weaponsCan