EXSC 224 9th EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Chapters 11, 12, 13To start with, make sure you know all the information on the slides Dr. Fayad went over in class. His powerpoints are available on Blackboard, so I won’t recopy them here. This study guide is an outline of what you should know for the exam with the addition of the material Dr. Fayad gave orally in lecture (which is not on the slides).Chapter 11 – The Nervous System- About 30% of the glucose we consume is used by our brain at rest.- Functions: Sensory input, integration, and motor outputo Example: See a car, understand what you are seeing, stop for the car- The different components, functions, and divisions of the CNS and PNSo Figure 11.2- The two cell types of the nervous system: neurons and supporting cells (neuroglia).o Supporting cells are the most abundant type.- The different types of neuroglia in the CNS and PNS and their physical characteristics andfunctionso CNS: Astrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal cells, Oligodendrocyteso Additional functions of astrocytes mentioned in class: Help communication Help reuptake of neurotransmitters Help conductivity of neural pulses Most abundant neuroglia in braino Function of microglia: protect brain from infectious agents Blood brain barrier – immune cells from the blood cannot enter brain, so microglia consume harmful substances They work as macrophages and consume dead cells.o PNS: Satellite cells, Schwann cellso Multiple Sclerosis is a disease that is caused by the loss of myelin (Schwann cells) on nerve fibers in the PNS. - Definition of neurons (composition and characteristics)o They are amitotic (don’t divide) because they have no centrioles.o Functions of plasma membrane- Properties and functions of nerve cell body, dendrites, and axonso Possible dysfunction: A stroke occurs if tracts in the CNS are cut off- Make-up and function of myelin sheath- Formation of myelin sheatho Schwann cell and neurilemma- The difference between myelinated and unmyelinated axons and where each is foundo Both types are found in CNS- Characteristics of axons in the CNS- The difference between white and gray matter and what each is composed of- Structural description and example of each type of structural neuron classificationo Multipolar – most abundant type; motor neurons and interneuronso Bipolar – rare; found in retina, ear, and olfactory mucosao Unipolar – found mainly in PNS; sensory neurons in skin- Functional classification of neuronso Sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), and interneurons (association)o Table 11.1Chapter 12 – The Central Nervous System- Gross anatomy of the brain- Definition of gyrus, sulcus, and fissure- Sulci separate the lobes of the brain. Know locations of central sulcus, parieto-occipital sulcus, lateral sulcus, precentral gyrus, and postcentral gyrus.- Function of cerebral cortexo enables sensation, communication, memory, understanding, and voluntary movements- Functional areas of cerebral cortexo Motor (voluntary movement), sensory (awareness of sensation), and association (integration of information)- Location, function, and dysfunction of motor, sensory, and association areas- Motor areas:o Primary motor cortex – dysfunction: no muscle movemento Premotor cortex – dysfunction: o Broca’s area – dysfunction: muteness or impaired speecho Frontal eye field – dysfunction: - Sensory areaso Primary somatosensory cortexo Somatosensory association cortex – dysfunction: can’t recognize an object simply by toucho Visual areas (primary visual cortex; visual association area)o Auditory areas (primary auditory cortex – dysfunction: deafness; auditory association area – dysfunction: can’t recognize someone’s voice)- Association areaso Prefrontal cortexo Language areas (Wernicke’s area; Broca’s area; lateral prefrontal cortex)- What structures make up the diencephalon and their functiono Thalamus – contains 4 groups of nuclei (anterior, ventral, dorsal, posterior)o Hypothalamuso Epithalamus – pineal gland secretes the hormone melatoninChapter 13 – The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity- For all 12 cranial nerves, know where they originate, what they innervate (function), and what symptoms a person will experience if the nerve is damaged.- I Olfactoryo Dysfunction – loss of smell- II Optico Dysfunction – blindness; a pituitary tumor can cause blindness in each eye, since it impacts the optic chiasm- III Oculomotoro Dysfunction – ptosis (inability to open eye), external strabismus (eyes look outward), double visiono Muscles that control the eye: medial and superior rectus, levator palpebrae, inferior oplique, and inferior rectus muscle- IV Trochlearo Dysfunction – inability to rotate eye down and sideways- V Trigeminalo The largest cranial nerve, since it has 3 divisionso Know what areas of the face it innervates: anterior scalp, skin of upper eyelid, cornea, some of nasal cavity, cheek, upper teeth, anterior part of tongue, chin, mastication muscles, lower teetho Dysfunction – corneal reflex, pain when touched or move jaw- VI Abducenso Dysfunction – internal strabismus (eyes look inward – cross-eyed)- VII Facialo Dysfunction – Bell’s Palsy (facial paralysis) – can’t whistle, lower eyelid droops, and can’t taste bitterness or saltiness)- VIII Vestibulocochlearo Dysfunction – loss of balance and hearing- IX Glossopharyngealo Dysfunction – loss of swallowing reflex, lose taste in posterior 1/3 of tongue- X Vaguso Dysfunction – hoarseness, inability to continue living- XI Accessoryo Dysfunction – inability to shrug shoulders and rotate neck- XII Hypoglossalo Dysfunction – unable to protrude and retract tongue or control any tongue movement- Know how many spinal nerves are in each region of the spinal cordo 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygealo The 1st cervical nerve passes over the superior portion of 1st cervical vertebrae- Know from where the ventral and dorsal roots of spinal nerves arise- Know what rami the spinal nerves branch into- Definition of a plexus- Know the 4 plexuses, what rami they are formed by, what areas they innervate, and the major nerves they include, and the functions of these major nerves- Cervical Plexuso Major nerve: Phrenic nerveo Dysfunction of phrenic nerve may cause hiccups or loss of breathing- Brachial