EXSC 224 1st EditionFinal Exam Study GuideChapter 11 – Nervous System- Functions: Sensory input, integration, and motor output- The different components, functions, and divisions of the CNS and PNS- The two cell types of the nervous system: neurons and supporting cells (neuroglia).o Supporting cells are the most abundant type.- The different types of neuroglia in the CNS and PNS and their physical characteristics andfunctionso CNS: Astrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal cells, Oligodendrocyteso PNS: Satellite cells, Schwann cells- Definition of neurons (composition and characteristics)- Properties and functions of nerve cell body, dendrites, and axons- Make-up and function of myelin sheatho Formation of myelin sheath- The difference between myelinated and unmyelinated axons and where each is foundo Both types are found in CNS- Characteristics of axons in the CNS- The difference between white and gray matter and what each is composed of- Structural description and example of each type of structural neuron classificationo Multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar- Functional classification of neurons: sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), and interneurons (association)Chapter 12 – Central Nervous System- Definition of gyrus, sulcus, and fissure- Sulci separate the lobes of the brain. Know locations of central sulcus, parieto-occipital sulcus, lateral sulcus, precentral gyrus, and postcentral gyrus.- Function of cerebral cortex - enables sensation, communication, memory, understanding, and voluntary movements- Functional areas of cerebral cortexo Motor (voluntary movement), sensory (awareness of sensation), and association (integration of information)- Location, function, and dysfunction of motor, sensory, and association areas- Motor areas:o Primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, Brocca’s area, and frontal eye field- Sensory areaso Primary somatosensory cortex, somatosensory association cortex, primary visual cortex, visual association area, primary auditory cortex, auditory association area- Association areaso Prefrontal cortex, language areas (Wernicke’s area; Broca’s area; lateral prefrontal cortex)- What structures make up the diencephalon and their functiono Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamusChapter 13 – Peripheral Nervous System- For all 12 cranial nerves, know where they originate, what they innervate (function), and what symptoms a person will experience if the nerve is damaged.- I Olfactory- II Optic- III Oculomotor- IV Trochlear- V Trigeminal- VI Abducens- VII Facial- VIII Vestibulocochlear- IX Glossopharyngeal- X Vagus- XI Accessory- XII Hypoglossal- Know how many spinal nerves are in each region of the spinal cordo 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal- Know from where the ventral and dorsal roots of spinal nerves arise- Know what rami the spinal nerves branch into- Definition of a plexus- Know the 4 plexuses, what rami they are formed by, what areas they innervate, and the major nerves they include, and the functions of these major nerves- Cervical Plexus – major nerve: phrenic nerve- Brachial Plexuso Know the 4 major branches: roots, trunks, divisions, and cordso Major nerves – axillary, musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, and radial- Lumbar Plexus – major nerves: femoral and obturator- Sacral Plexuso Major nerve – sciatic nerve (composed of 2 nerves: tibial and common fibular)Chapter 14 – Autonomic Nervous System- Know the differences between the ANS and the Somatic Nervous System- Function and effect of Acetylcholine (ACh) – excitatory- Differences in function between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions and the roles of each- Parasympathetic division outflow – cranial and sacral outflow- Sympathetic Outflowo Preganglionic fibers → white rami communicates → synapse in chain ganglia → postganglionic fibers innervate organso Pathways to head, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis For each pathway, know where fibers emerge and synapse and what organs/structures the pathway serves- Two major neurotransmitters of ANSo Acetylcholine (ACh) – released by cholinergic fiberso Norepinephrine (NE) – released by adrenergic fibers- Cholinergic Receptorso Nicotinic receptors – know where they’re found (effect is always stimulatory)o Muscarinic receptors – know where found (effect can either be inhibitory or excitatory)- Adrenergic Receptorso Alpha (α) – generally stimulatoryo Beta (β) – generally inhibitoryo Study table 14.3 know where each receptor type is located & its effect of binding- Know the effects/functions of these drugs:o Atropine, neostigmine, tricyclic antidepressantso Over-the-counter drugs for colds, allergies, and nasal congestiono Beta-blockers- Know definitions of sympathetic and parasympathetic tone- Roles of sympathetic division not influenced by parasympathetic division:o Thermoregulationo Release of renin from kidneyso Metabolic effectsChapter 16 – Endocrine System- Know definition of endocrine system and hormones- Major organs: hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, and gonads- Know definition of autocrines and paracrines- Classifications of hormones: amino-acid based, steroids, and eicosanoids- Hormone activity is regulated by hormone concentration and receptor concentration- 3 types of hormone interactions: permissiveness, synergism, and antagonism- Know how endocrine glands are regulated: humoral, neural, and hormonal stimuli- Two parts of anterior pituitary – neurohypophysis and adenohypophysiso Know functions, hormones secreted, and type of connection with hypothalamus- Anterior pituitary hormones: growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, gonadotropins, prolactin- Growth hormone (GH)o Know its functions, purpose, what it’s regulated by, effects of overproduction, and deficiencies- Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)o Stimulates normal development and secretory activity of thyroid- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)o Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids- Gonadotropins: FSH and LH (know functions of each in males and females)- Posterior pituitary hormones: oxytocin and ADHo Know functions, roles, deficiencies, and overproduction dysfunctions- Thyroid gland: secretes thyroid hormone and calcitonino Know hypo- and hyper-thyroid disorders- Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) (know functions and structure of each)Chapter 17 - Blood- Know coomponents of whole blood: cells,