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VCU ARTH 103 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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ARTH 103 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 3Key termsMuseum curator: collect and exhibit works for museums and educate the public about artArt conservator: preserves and repair worksCritic: provides judgments on an art work’s cultural value for a general or specific audienceGallery: where you can purchase, exhibit, and sell art worksAppraiser: studies specific objects and/or time periods and provide economic value estimates for works of art based on the object’s cultural valueArt historian: studies and interprets works of art based on the work’s historical context and analyzes and interprets an art work’s “meaning”Prehistoric: 35,000 – 3,000 bcePaleolithic: ca. 35,000 – 10,000 bce, old stone age consisting of nomads and hunter-gatherers and a time where sculpture was popularNeolithic: ca. 8,000 – 1500 bce, new stone ageMakapansgat Pebble: resembles human face from South Africa c. 3,000,000 bce, jasperiteMegalithic: ca. 3000 – 1500 BCE (big stone age)Nile River: every spring, the Nile floods its banks and deposits a rich layer of silt on the land, which acts as a natural fertilizer. This means HUGE harvests are possible.Narmer: king who first unified Egypt. His power is worldly and divine. It is of this world, and yet,eternal and everlasting.Imhotep: first named artist in western art history, designed the funerary complex at Saqqara.Ziggurat: focal point, made of clay bricks. Most famous is Nanna Ziggurat.Sumer: Sumerian society was built on agriculture, composed of independent cities that all shared a similar language/religion and surrounded the ziggurat. Ka Statue: a sculpture of the pharaoh meant to act as a vessel for his soul – when entering the ka statue, the pharaoh's soul could receive the prayers of the livingCuneiform: (Sumerian writing) forms of lines and dots on clay tablets commonly found on stonecylinders (roll it across a piece of wet clay – acted as a stamp/signature for signing contracts between Sumerian business people)Mastaba: The earliest forms of Egyptian monumental mortuary architecture - piles of rocks on top of a burial pitPost and Lintel: fundamental type of architecture – vertical and horizontal constructionAkkadian: northern neighbors of the Sumerians – introduced concept of divine kingshipMesopotamia: “land between the two rivers” (Tigris and Euphrates) – every culture that invades Mesopotamia adopts Sumerian culture/claims it as their own (demonstrates how powerful Sumerian culture was)Monotheism: believing in one godPolytheism: believing in multiple godsStonehenge: most famous example of megalithic – post and lintel constructionCorbelling: layers of stones stacked on top of each other held together simply by pressureSerdab: a room where the Ka Statue could interact with the living, inside the Steppe PyramidRock-Cut Tomb: a tomb cut into rock, meant to solve the looting problem one has with something like a pyramid)Old Kingdom: ca. 2700-2190 bce (dynasties 3-6) in ancient EgyptNew Kingdom: ca.1552-1069 bce (dynasties 18-20) in ancient EgyptNeolithic Revolution: drastic changes were made with the invention of agricultureAssyrian: overthrew the Babylonians. Their art is distinguished by public relationsBabylonian: essentially Sumerian culture, ca. 2100 – 1700 BCEHatshepsut: one of only two female pharaohs, and a very good one at that. She was defaced by her successor, her son. She has a huge mortuary palace with a rock-cut tomb.Key works of artWoman from Willendorf. Limestone. Austria, c. 22,000 – 21,000- Originally painted and worn as a necklace - Originally called “Venus from Willendorf”- Paleolithic people practiced Animism belief system (everything has a spirit) & 3matriarchal belief system (women were most powerful)- The artwork was probably a protection charm, not a goddess (hence why they stopped calling her “Venus”)Stonehenge = most famous example of megalithic architecture (Salisbury Plain, England c. 2750 – 1500)- New fundamental type of architecture = post (vertical) and lintel (horizontal) construction, held together by a slight depression (mortice), deliberately carved so they are thicker at the bottom than at the top- Initially simply raised mounds of earth and piles of stones – mounds then got increasingly higher- Speculation of the significance//purpose of the altar stone – mid-summer sunrise, mid- winter moonset, etc. – celestial significance- Discovery of human remains (possibility of human sacrifice?)Nanna Zigurrat , Ur, Iraq, c. 2100 – 2050- Famous/most well preserved ziggurat- Every Ziggurat was dedicated to a particular deity – seen as the patron deity of that city (indicative of standardized religion) - Every resident had to contribute to the construction of the Ziggurat (civic duty), BUT only the priests/priestesses were able to enter the Ziggurats/communicate with the deities- Consisted of successively smaller platforms that had a solid core of mud-brick which was covered by burnt brick - The Great Ziggurat of Ur was dedicated to the moon god Nanna, who was the patron deity of the city Bull Lyre, Ur, c. 2500-2400 BCE, wood with gold, silver, lapis lazuli, bitumen and shell- bearded bull on the front represents the sun god Shamash written in cuneiform- Shamash is the divine judge who shines light on all things - only Shamash can descend into the underworld and emerge again at sunrise- top portion shows a scene of warfare + the back shows a myriad of military leaders convening after the way – main focus = the “big man”) who was the biggest strongest man that priestscould find, who acted as a temporary king who would lead Sumerian forces into battle (most were assassinated by priests and priestesses)Stele of Naramsin. Iraq, c.2254 – 2218- 6 ft, 7 in. – example of hieratic scale (biggest figure = most important figure)- script says that Naramsin conquered the four corners of the world – everything belongs to Naramsin)Stele of Hammurabi. Iran, c. 1792 - 1750- (kickstarts Babylonian culture, which was essentially Sumerian culture) – engraved in Sumerianscript, which describes the Code of Hammurabi (written law) – approximately 7’4’’ high- Example of Hammurabi law: “if a man has breached a house and is caught, he shall be buried in the front of the door, and the door will be kicked down” (approx. 300 laws. 68 are domestic problems, 20 have to do with physical assault, the rest are business laws such as taxation, etc.)Human-Headed


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