ARTH 103 1st EditionExam # 3 Study GuideKey termsCarolingians: Charlemagne’s family – consolidated their power in present-day France/Germany, who had close ties with the pope in Rome- Pope felt threatened by Byzantine Empire and its emperor and neighbors in Italy who had tried to overthrow him before- So he reached out to Charlemagne and crowned him Holy Roman Emperor, which pissed off the Byzantines- This period is known as the Carolingian RenaissanceByzantine: empire lasted from about c. 315-1453 – A theocracy that believed they were an extension of the Roman Empire. The Byzantines laid the groundwork for Italian Renaissance art.Justinian I: 527-565 - known for restoring the lost western half of the historical Roman EmpireEucharist: the bread of lifeLatin Cross/Basilica Plan: large rectangular hall with a gable roof with an apse at one endGreek Cross/Central Plan: a square center and four arms of equal length, widely used in Byzantine architecture - plan in the form of a Greek crossMonastic Communities: sponsored by Charlemagne to keep monks in line to convert everyone, who were otherwise killed. These were self-sufficient communities with a narrow focus on monastic traditions. West-work: a large monumental entrance – depicted upon the Abby Church of Covey, c. 815 and upon Charlemagne’s Palace.Illuminated Manuscript: Christian depictions of the four gospels, they were books with paintings in them made of animal skin (parchment and vellum). Bright colors were used. Charlemagne: First to rule Holy Roman Empire c. 800-1806, he was a Frankish warlord, gained political and spiritual legitimacy by joining in pact with the pope. He led the Carolingian Renaissance – churches, roads, schools, and hospitals were built/rebuilt  a cultural rebirthCatacomb: human-made subterranean pathways under cities for religious practice – any chamber used as a burial placeAmbulatory Space: the curving aisle in the apseNave: the great central space in a churchCloisonne: little compartments with very thin pieces of metal with jewels and colored stones inside the compartments (a sophisticated form of metal working), emphasis on intricacy, abstraction, and decorationMosaics and icon painting: stiff, naturalistic, rigid portrait poses with little emotion and no narrativeDark Ages: 300-1000 – early medieval pagan communities in the west after the fall of Rome. This was a time of ignorance, where all classical knowledge was forgotten, until it was “reborn” with the renaissance.Hiberno-Saxon: art style of metalworking with intricate details and decorationsFibula pins: used to hold up pieces of toga, implied there was a market for luxurious wear (Roman practices were obviously present in England)Parchment and vellum: made of animal skins – a material for illumination – vellum was a fancier version of parchmentSt. Benedict: 480-547 – Benedictine Order brought monks together to live in a self-sufficient city. Their labor was a form of prayer. Charlemagne sponsored these communities with land to keep everyone in line. Peter Striking the Rock – Catacombs of Commodilla – Rome, Italy, late 4th centuryPeter strikes a rock and water flows from itChurch of Santa Costanza, RomeBuilt by Constantine for his daughter, Constantina. 4th Century. Reconstruction of Old Saint Peter’s basilica, Rome, c. 320-27. Approx. 394’ long and 210’ wide. Atriumadded in later in 4th century.Hagia Sophia, Anthemius of Tralles & Isidorus of Miletus, 532-537This was the central church of the Byzantine Empire. Architects were Isidorus and Anthemius. There wasa central dome, a dome on pendentives (circular dome on a square building). The force of the dome wasfocused downward onto four piers (support columns) so that the walls could be used for decorations andwindows.Mosaic of the Virgin Mary and Christ Child, Hagia Sophia, 867Located on the center of the apse semi-dome in the church.San Vitale, brick. Ravenna, Italy – 526-547Ravenna captured 539. Exterior of these churches were plain with no decoration, but the interior washighly decorated. An ambulatory surrounds its central area, which was the focus of the entire building.Apse shape (open area, half circle) is located on one extension end of the circle. Alter located in the verycenter.Emperor Justinian and His Attendants, Mosaic, Ravenna, c. 547Inside San Vitale, Church figures, emperor’s court, and the military surrounding Justinian, who is divine, showing a sourceof power. Medieval art, no accurate proportion of human depictions. Holding a bowl of Eucharist. Virgin and Child with Saints and Angels, icon. Encaustic on wood. 6th century.Purse Cover, from the Sutton Hoo burial ship, c. 615-625. Cloisonne plaques of gold, gamet, and enamel.Suffolk, England. Hiberno-Saxon – Pagan art. This was a plaque that sat on top of a leather purse madefor someone very wealthy.Cross Page, Lindisfarne Gospels. England, c. 698This was a page in an illuminated book. Books were very valuable at this time, even though a majority ofthe population was illiterate. The creators of the books (typically monks) copied shapes and letters,considering they were illiterate. This shows the use of Pagan aesthetics with Christian symbols. There isan abundance of decoration and bright colors. Matthew, Lindisfarne Gospels, c. 698The Lindisfarne Gospels only included Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. They were the most commonilluminated manuscripts. The book of Matthew was often depicted by a man. Mark was depicted by alion, Luke was an ox, and John was an eagle.Chi Rho Iota Page from the Book of Kells, late 8th century or early 9th century, Tempera on vellum.Chi Rho included the four gospels written in Latin. On this page, the Greek initials of Christ are in thecorner. Small, hidden images are located throughout this abstract design. Palace Chapel of Charlemagne, 792-805. Aachen, GermanyOne of Charlemagne’s biggest projects – the chapel is the main building. It was intended to be anorthern version of San Vitale, except he added 2 stair towers that created a monumental entrance,which was not a Byzantine feature of architecture. Charlemagne hired artists from Byzantinerecommended by the pope to work for him.Abby Church at Corvey, c. 815Created a west-work (large monumental entrance) after Charlemagne’s Chapel’s westwork. This signifiesan imperial project sponsored by the emperor. Abby Church was a monestary – monastic communitieskept classical traditions alive.Gatehouse at