ARTH 103 1st EditionExam #4 Study GuideRomanesque TermsRomanesque: a relatively calm, safe period with an international art style and no homeland or distinct starting event - ~1050-1200 (11th and 12th centuries – middle of the middle ages) Romanesque architecture: dense, heavy, castle-look due to lack of engineering knowledge with much stonework, unlike gothic cathedrals – an attempt to mimic Roman architecture, although “Romanesque” might not have been the name for it during the actual time periodPilgrimage: a spiritual journey to a holy site geared around – many churches were built to house these pilgrimages and relicsSantiago de Campostella: dedicated to St. James the Great, it was a destination of a major pilgrimage route marked by many churches in Spain c. 1078-1122 with later renovations – taking this route earned you an indulgence (less time in purgatory)Reliquary statue of St. Faith: gold repousse in France, late 9th centuryRelic: an object somehow connected to a spiritual/religious figure (bones, clothing, anything), held in a reliquaryRepousse: Hammered metalwork from the reverse sideNormans: “north man”/nomadic viking, spread Romanesque art and architecture – patrons – from Normandy, France – militaristic and feared by othersWilliam the Conqueror: Duke of Normandy c. 1028-1087, he was the younger of two sons that was screwed over when his father died, so he desired and conquered EuropeBattle of Hastings: Oct. 14, 1066 “King Harold is killed” William conquers England and becomes the first English kingGuild: a group of craftsmen who have come together to control their trade, setting expectations for a particular craft traded and ways to protect your craft – this was pre-1800’s version of art schoolParts of a cathedral plan:Nave: a long hall running down the middle of a medieval cathedralAmbulatory: space around the nave for walkingTransept: crossed the nave, and this intersection was called a crossingChoir: nave behind the crossing for priests, etc.Chapels: Indicated a pilgrimage church – little boxed rooms where relics were held, ambulatories led to chapels for uninterrupted pilgrimage visits to relicsClerestory: top archesNave arcade: a series of archesTriforium gallery: arches on the second storyNave elevation: collectively, a clerestory, nave arcade, and triforium galleryGroin vault: intersection of two barrel vaults – makes up interior all the way throughBarrel vault/arch/ribsParts of a Romanesque portal: Portal: door to cathedral, the space for Romanesque sculpture Jambs: on either side of openingTrumeau: post in middle of the openingLintel: intersects trumeau above horizontallyTympanum: half circle bordered by archivolts, which are each composed of individual stones called voussoirsCloister: outdoor meditating area for monks at the monestaryClunic order: a monastic order celebrating scholarly monks with illuminated manuscripts (a wealthy order) – had a reputation for intellectual and wealthy characteristicsCrusade: attempt to recapture the holy land from Islamic forces – allowed a violent European society to “let of steam” – the violent people got killed ofPope Urban II – 1st crusade – 1096-1099Romanesque ImagesBishop Odo Blessing the Feast, sections of the Bayeux Tapestry, England/France c. 1066-1082, linen with wool embroidery – guildsA commemorative banner showing William the Conqueror conquering Europe and the guild system - wasmade by many, even though there is a single standard heldSaint Etienne in Caen, France begun 1067Norman Romanesque cathedral commissioned by William the Conqueror – a perfect example of Romanesque architecture… a basilica church with large front towers, a nave, two ambulatories, a transept, a crossing, a choir, and chapelsThe interior of Saint Etienne had no chairs. A clerestory, nave arcade, and triforium gallery (collectively a nave elevation) – there was an attempt at a harmonious “3” element (for logic/clarity’s sake) – there were groin vaults, barrel vaults, arches, and ribs holding up the ceilings.Portal, Moissac Abbey - 12th century – had a scalloped trumaue – the sculptures don’t look like real people, so the creators were thought to be uneducated. Sculpture was considered architectural decoration meant to fit the trumaeu.Gislebertus (the sculptor), The Last Judgement, Saint-Lazare, Autun, France, c. 1120-1140 with a scalloped shellIt was not typical to know an artist of a particular work during medieval period, so Gislebertus was significant for signing his work. This sculpture was thought to be encouragement for pilgrims on a pilgrimage, motivating them for eternal salvation. Other-worldly