AdjunctsDo-so substitutionAdjectival adjunctsAdjunctions in X-bar theoryRelativizationCoordinationHomeworkLinguistics 401, section 3Syntax: Adjuncts, Relative Clauses & CoordinationOctober 23, 20071 AdjunctsLast week’s lectures used patterns of acceptability judgments to argue that words impose subcat-egorization requirements on their complements. Consider slay in its transitive frame NP . In anexample like 1 the subcategorization requirement is met by the complement NP the dragon.(1) Saint George slew [NPthe dragon] with a sword.But what can be said about the PP with a sword? This phrase is not required by the subcategoriza-tion frame of slay. Rather, it is an adjunct†— of which there can be many. Example 2 has just fivePP adjuncts, but (as anyone who has ever played Clue can tell you) any limitation on the numberof possible adjuncts has more to do with the subject under discussion than with the grammar of thelanguage.(2) St. George slew the dragon [PPwith a sword] [PPon Tuesday] [PPin the parlour] [PPwith the maid][PPwhile rakishly smoking a cigarillo]1.1 Do-so substitutionOne can diagnose whether or not a phrase is a verbal adjunct using do-so substitution. If a phraseneed not be included as part of the sequence being replaced by do so, then it is an adjunct. Otherwise,if it must be included to preserve acceptability, then it is a complement. Example 3 shows a positiveresult from this test, indicating that out of love is an adjunct.(3) a. Lancelot pursues Guinevere out of love and Arthur does so, too.b. Lancelot pursues Guinevere out of love and Arthur does so out of political necessity.Example 4 shows a negative result from this test, indicating that the proper name Arthur is notserving as an adjunct. This is consistent with the NP NP subcategorization frame for give.(4) a. The Lady of the Lake gives Arthur his sword and Merlin does so, too.b. ∗ The Lady of the Lake gives Arthur his sword and Merlin does so the round table1.2 Adjectival adjunctsThere can be any number of pre-nominal adjectives in English. They share this free iterabilityproperty with postverbal PP adjuncts.(5) The1little2red light’s not blinking on my1big2black3plastic4Japanese5cordless phone.†Adjuncts often function as modifiers, and the O’Grady book’s online supplement proceeds from this terminology.This week, we will come to know them syntactically as “adjuncts” deferring discussion of their meaning contributionuntil the unit on semantics.11.3 Adjunctions in X-bar theoryLets extend the X0schema to handle adjuncts. They can come either on the left of a head (e.g.adjectives before a noun) or on the right of a head (e.g. PP modifiers). In at least the verbal case,they come after any subcategorized complements. To capture these properties in our theory ofphrase structure, introduce a new structure-building rule that merges in an adjunct at the X0level.The mother node dominating these two children will have the same category as the non-adjunctdaughter.XPSpecifier XAdjunct XX Complement(a) Adjunct precedes the headXPSpecifier XXX ComplementAdjunct(b) Adjunct follows the headFigure 1: X0schema extended to handle adjunctsThe extended X0schema in figure 1 notates the complement/adjunct distinction using the tree-structural difference between sister-of-X and sister-of-X0. For instance, in example 6 the firstPP of poems is a complement of the N book, whereas the second PP with the glossy cover is attachedas an adjunct.(6) NPDettheN0N0NbookPPof poem sPPwith the glossy coverNote well that book of poems w ith the glossy cover is an N0, the same syntactic category as thesmaller [N0book of poems]. The merge rules that permit such an N0to embed a smaller N0exhibitrecursion on the symbol N0.All tree branches must instantiate one of these rule-typeswhere V, W, X, Y, Z range over syntactic categories, thecomma abstracts over linear ordering and parentheses in-dicates optionality.head-complement X0→ X , (Z)xbar-specifier XP → (Y ) , X0adjunct1 X0→ X0, Wadjunct2 XP → XP , VFigure 2: Concise statement of two-level X0-bar theoryThe head X is sometimes referred to as an X0because it constitutes the zerothbar level. X0=X1isthe first bar level. X2is known as XP, the “maximal projection” of the head.22 RelativizationRelative clause s can be analyzed with a transformational movement rule not entirely unlike the onefor information questions. Movement of the Wh-word is motivated by a relativization feature on C.input: NPDettheNNNsorceressCPCC+RelIPNPMerlinIIPastVPVVtaughtNPNNwhooutput: NPDettheNNNsorceressCPNPNNwhoCC+RelIPNPMerlinIIPastVPVVtaughtNPtFigure 3: Relativization transformationThe idea that the landing site is the specifier of CP is supported by examples where both C and itsspecifier are filled. English, at least nowadays, appears not to allow this option.(7) DutchIkIweetknownietnotwiewhomofwhetherJanJangezierseenheefthas“I don’t know whom Jan has seen”(8) Bavarian GermanIIwoassknownednotwannwhendassthatda XaveaXaveakummtcomes“I don’t know when Xavea is coming”Relativization can target any grammatical relation. When launched from subjec t position, themovement does not actually cross any overt words and is said to be “string-vacuous.”(9) a. the girl who t got the right answer is cleverb. the dog which Penny bought t today is very gentlec. the man who Stephen explained the accident to t is kindd. the ship which my uncle took Joe on t was interesting33 CoordinationLets put words like and and or in a syntactic category Con and observe three properties.1. any category X, X0or XP may be coordinated by Con2. the coordinated elements are typically share the same syntactic category3. the conjoined result typically has the same category as the conjoined phrasesProperty 1 is demonstrated for maximal projections of N,V,A,P by the coordination test examplesfrom October 11threpeated here as 11, and for intermediate projections V0,A0and P0in 12.(11) a. [N PJane’s shoes ] and [N Pthe books in the living room ] take up too much space.b. During lecture, Mark [V Pgot bored ] and [V Pstarted playing with his Treo ].c. The really [APdepressed ] and [APangry ] postdoc dec ided to jump off a bridge.d. They chased the getaway car [P Paround the corner ] and [P Pdown the alley ](12) a. Sir Gawain rarely [V0goes out] and [V0gets wasted]b. Morgan Le Fay favors the very [A0bright blue] and [A0dull green] gown.c. Arthur chased Sir Lancelot right [P0out of