PHIL 2070 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 3I. Key Terms:a) Dharma: Religion, Ethic, Law, Duty, Characteristics, Cosmic Rhythm (Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism) (India, South Asia)b) Religion: To connect with God, to organize a community around a god, scripture, prophetc) Dao- “The Way” – Daoism (China)d) Shintoism- Way of the God/Spirits- Japane) Monotheism- One godf) Polytheism- Pantheon of gods and goddessesg) Henotheism- One God/Goddess led by other deities on the back [god/goddess>God]h) Animism- animated particles in the nature (life comes from spirits)i) Totemism- totem (central tangible piece or object around which the community is organized)j) Shamanism- Shaman (healer, different from priest, intermediary between humans and spirits/gods),(s)he goes in trances to connect with the spiritual worldk) Pantheism- nature is divine (God exists as living in the nature) (God is Immanent)l) Panentheism- god is in the nature and also outside the nature (God is Immanent and transcendental) m) Atheism- a (NOT)- no belief in gods/goddesses/GodII. Holistic approach to religiona. Process of which you be a part of the community and learn about that religion byexperiencing it. You participate in rituals and take it one village or community at a time.III. Theoretical approaches to religiona. The evolutionary approachi. Focus on the concepts of science, logic, and monotheism as the pinnaclesof human achievementb. The Marxist approachi. Religion is a natural consequence of the human experience of distress. Religion is seen both as a means of compensation and as a way of getting people to go along with a capitalist culture that is not in their best interests.c. The functional approachi. Religious phenomena function to provide answers and explanations and to provide a course of actiond. The interpretive approachi. Religion specifically is describes as a cluster of symbols that together make up a whole and proves a charter for a culture’s ideas, values, and way of life.e. The psychological approachi. Is concerned with the relationship between culture and personality and the connection between the society and the individualIV. Two ways of viewing culture- Etic and Emica. Etici. outsiders looking in on another cultureb. Emici. One that attempts to see the world through the eyes of the people being studiedV. Ethnocentrisma. The tendency to use our own society as a basis for interpreting and judging othersocietiesVI. Cultural Relativisma. An approach scholars use to attempt to describe and understand people’s customs and ideas but not to judge themVII. Characteristics of a set of cultural beliefs and practicesa. Nicene Creed meaning “I believe.”b. Apostles Creed was created as a “formula” to Christianity.c. Not all religions have beliefs but everyone has a set of practices in their lives.VIII. Characteristics of a state of being ultimately concerneda. Faith: State of being ultimately concerned.b. Ultimate concern demands total surrenderc. Promises fulfillmentd. Threatens total defeatIX. Symbols and their significancea. Symbols are those things that resemble something. Like the United States flag IS the United States. (If the flag is burned by someone, it is basically offending the United States.) b. Symbols are what characterize the religion or thing that isn’t