LING 2100 Exam 1 Study Guide Phonetics The study of the minimal units that make up language Articulatory Phonetics o The study of the production of speech sounds o How individual speech sounds are made Acoustic Phonetics o The study of the transmission and the physical properties of speech sounds o Physical aspects of the sound waves produced by speech Auditory Phonetics o The study of the perception of speech sounds o Concerned with how speech is perceived Articulatory Phonetics Articulation articulatory gesture is the motion or positioning of some part of the vocal tract with respect to some other part of the vocal tract in the production of a speech sound Sagittal section of the vocal tract o The air moves from the lungs Glottis Vocal Folds Mouth o Glottis the opening between the vocal folds o Vocal Folds folds of muscle that are properly known as vocal cords but are not actually cords o Vowels are made without any closure on the vocal tract and consonants are made with different closures of the vocal tracts Articulation of Consonants Segmental Features o Is the sound voiced or voiceless o Where is the airstream constricted what is the place of articulation o How is the airstream constricted what is the manner of articulation Voiced or Voiceless o When placing your finger on your throat if you make an s sound your vocal folds are separated to open the glottis and you should feel no vibration this is voiceless o If you make a z sound you will feel a vibration which is due to the vibration of your vocal folds and this is voiced Place of Articulation o Bilabial Consonants made by bringing both lips closer together Ex p b m w o Labiodental Consonants made with the lower lip against the upper front teeth Ex f v o Interdentals Made with the tip of the tongue protruding between the front teeth These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Ex thigh thy o Alveolar Sounds made with the tongue tip at or near the alveolar ridge small ridge that protrudes just behind your upper front teeth Ex t d s z n l o Alveopalatal post alveolar Sounds made a little further back if you let your tongue slide back along the rood of your mouth you will find that front portion is hard and the back portion is soft Post alveolar sounds are made right at the front of the hard palate just behind the alveolar ridge Ex leash measure church judge o Palatal Sounds made with the tongue near the center of the hard portion on the roof of the mouth the hard palate Ex j yes o Velar Consonants produced at the soft part of the roof of the mouth behind the hard palate velum sounds made with the tongue near the velum are velar Ex k g sing o Glottal Sounds produced at the larynx h high and history glottal stop Manner of Articulation o How the airstream is modified by the vocal tract to produce the sound o Stops Made by obstructing the airstream completely in the oral cavity Ex p b your lips closed together for a moment stopping the airflow o Fricatives Made by forming a nearly complete obstruction of the vocal tract the opening through which the air escapes is very small and as a result a turbulent noise is produced kind of like a hissing sound Ex ship o Affricatives Made by briefly stopping the airstream completely and then releasing the articulators slightly so that frication noise is produced a sequence of a stop followed by a fricative Ex church judge o Nasals Produced by lowering the velum and thus opening the nasal passage to the vocal tract when the velum is raised against the back of the throat no air can escape through the nasal passage when the velum is lowered a nasal sound occurs Ex m n o Lateral Approximate The midline of the vocal tract is completely obstructed like in a stop but there is a side passage around the tongue Ex l o Glides Made with only a slight closure of the articulators so that if the vocal tract were any more open the result would be a vowel sound w is made by raising the back of the tongue toward the velum while rounding the lips at the same time so it is a voiced bilabial glide o Flap tap Similar to a stop in that involves the complete obstruction of the oral cavity the closure is much more quick than that of a stop Ex writer ladder Articulation of Vowels Articulatory Properties of Vowels o Raising or lowering the body of the tongue o Advancing or retracting the body of the tongue o Rounding or not rounding the lips o Making these movements with a tense or lax gesture Tongue Height o High Made with the front of the mouth less open because the tongue body is raised or high Ex i I u o Mid Produced with an intermediate tongue height Ex atomic dell dull doll o Low Produced with the front of the mouth opened and the tongue lowered Ex a Tongue Advancement o Front Tongue is raised and pushed forward so it is just under the hard palate Ex i o Central Requires neither advancement nor retraction of the tongue Ex luck another o Back Made by raising the body of the tongue in the back of the mouth toward the velum Ex u Lip Rounding o Rounded Ex loop foot fall o Unrounded All other vowels on chart Tenseness o o Tense Lax Have more extreme positions of the tongue or the lips than lax Involves a bigger change from a mid central position in the mouth Ex i Are not peripheral to the degree that tense vowels are Ex I Diphthongs Monophthongs are simple vowel sounds Diphthongs are complex vowel sounds two part vowel sounds consisting of a transition from one vowel to the other in the same syllable Even though it consists of a sequence of sounds it is considered one sound similar to an affricate IPA International Phonetic Alphabet Representation of all of the speech sounds of all of the languages of the world Different Types of Learners Deep o Motivated because that discipline has something to offer them o More creative and think how does this apply to the real world or directly to me o Top of their field in every field o We should think like this in this class Strategic o Motivated by achievement o Usually make good grades but hit a glass ceiling Surface o Motivated by fear just want a good grade to keep my GPA up o Try to survive course We are all motivated by different things and achieve different results Syllable Onset o Always consists of a consonant Rhyme o Nucleus center of syllable with a vowel o Coda consonant Smallest syllable in the world is a single vowel Some languages allow a lot of consonants