Lecture 11 POLS 207 Outline of Last Lecture Welfare Reform as a Counter example to Centralization I Welfare reform starting in 1996 A Expanding caseloads B Work disincentives C Social dependency D Dysfunctional family effects Outline of Current Lecture Fiscal and Policy Capacity of the States Part 1 I Increased federal gvt role in education A ESEA 1965 B NCLB 2001 II Northwest Ordinance of 1787 III Incrementalism Current Lecture Fiscal and Policy Capacity of the States the capacity to design manage and finance quality public programs One of the sources of modern centralization the national government has deeper pockets and therefore more power than the states Remember centralization varies by policy area Public education is a very important policy area State local and national governments division of responsibility Increase of federal role in public education Esp D M chapter 16 537 42 545 48 554 57 BUT see Key Terms for chapter 16 on The Politics of Education and Halter chapter 11 24144 deals with school finance Two landmark pieces of legislation that strengthened federal power over education ESEA Elementary and Secondary Education Act 1965 Before this the Fed had a relatively minor and limited role in K 12 education NCLB No Child Left Behind Technically an Amendment to ESEA 2001 o See D M page 539 o Fundamentally changed increased the role the national government plays in education Local and state governments still play the biggest role but the Fed has certainly gotten way more involved since 1965 o Raised several policy issues See D M chapter 16 537 38 for elaboration on the old yet limited federal role in education Northwest Ordinance of 1787 ESEA of 1965 summarized below Northwest Ordinance 1787 Morrill Land Grant 1862 Smith Hughes Act 1917 School Lunch Milk 1946 Federal Impacted Areas 1950 National Defense Education 1958 ESEA 1965 Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Enacted by Articles of Confederation Congress the Congress that was created during the Revolutionary War on July 13 1787 Though the Northwest Ordinance is typically cited as an example of America s first commitment to public education Religion morality and knowledge being necessary to good government is the only phrase in Northwest ordinance that deals with education Actually most of the document is laying out territorial policy 1647 Massachusetts first colonial legislature to require local towns provide public funding of children s education Irony at this same time period 1787 in Philadelphia the Constitutional Convention is meeting and wrestling with the issue of slavery But at the same time the Confederation Congress in New York went ahead and settled the issue with the northwest states in the Northwest Ordinance Prior to ESEA 1965 Federal aid money for education was very small no matter how you counted it Targeted to specific matters ag and vocational education school milk and lunch federal impact science math and foreign language o Incrementalism meaning that public policy develops in small steps rather than through sweeping fundamental change is typical of American government s policymaking in many areas education welfare health care taxes etc Defense of incrementalism policy develops gradually Accurate description of how policymaking works Not only accurate but desirable way to make policy partly because it does not require perfect information Political benefits Some counter examples to Incrementalism 1935 Social Security Act 1965 ESEA 1986 Federal tax reform 1996 Welfare reform TANF 2001 No Child Left Behind NCLB 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ObamaCare There is no scholarly consensus as to what distinguishes incremental from non incremental change This makes it hard to measure incrementalism