 Centralization varies by:Historical periodPolicy areaIn addition to whatever else the US Constitution did, it undoubtedly made state and local governments less important than they had previously been. It concentrated more power than ever before in the national government at the expense of the states and strengthened/solidified the Fed’s authority.1860s (Civil War and Reconstruction)Civil War settled TWO of THREE issues:Settled question of slaverySettled question of whether or not anyone in the union has a right to secede (we do not have that right), although the notion that the union is just a dissolvable “compact” among the states remains alive and well. Many think of it instead as a contract between the government and the people. SCOTUS rejected secession argument in Texas v. White (1869) - “Ours is an indestructible union, composed of indestructible states.” – See D&M Ch. 3:85 for elaboration.Did NOT settle issue of appropriate division of policy responsibilities between national and state governments. The power tug-of-war continues.Reconstruction: 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments – See D&M Ch. 15:492-96 for elaboration.**14th Amendment defines “citizenship” (both US and State)**  (Dixon said this will be a test question.)Three prohibitions on states…“Privileges and immunities”“Due process”“Equal protection”What about “police power” of states (power to protect “public health, safety, and morals)?Section 5 appears to expand US Congress’ power. BUT SCOTUS has narrowed this power to “remedial” legislation. But section 5 gets entangled in states’ “sovereign immunity” defense so it can get tricky.1930s (Great Depression and the New Deal)1960s (To be cont.)Lecture 3 POLS 207Outline of Last Lecture:Congressional power limits and modern centralization cont.I. SCOTUS’ dual-track strategyA. Narrowing Congress’ commerce powerB. Reviving “sovereign immunity”II. Sources of modern centralization cont.A. Political participation systemB. Shifting ideological centerOutline of Current Lecture:Surges in CentralizationI. Centralization varies by historical periodA. 1780sB. 1860sC. 1930sD. 1960sII. Centralization varies by policy areaCurrent Lecture: Centralization varies by:- Historical period- Policy area Centralization efforts tend to surge in response to some “national crisis” and then recede when the crisis is passed, but things never get completely back to normal; the government is always more centralized than it was before the crisis. This results in a jagged upward curve representing degree of centralization.o Historical period - 1780s (ratification of Constitution)o In addition to whatever else the US Constitution did, it undoubtedly made state and local governments less important than they had previously been. It concentrated more power than ever before in the national government at theexpense of the states and strengthened/solidified the Fed’s authority. - 1860s (Civil War and Reconstruction)o Civil War settled TWO of THREE issues: Settled question of slavery Settled question of whether or not anyone in the union has a right to secede (we do not have that right), although the notion that the union is just a dissolvable “compact” among the states remains alive and well. Many think of it instead as a contract between the government and the people. SCOTUS rejected secession argument in Texas v. White (1869) - “Ours is an indestructible union, composed of indestructible states.” – SeeD&M Ch. 3:85 for elaboration. Did NOT settle issue of appropriate division of policy responsibilities between national and state governments. The power tug-of-war continues.o Reconstruction: 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments – See D&M Ch. 15:492-96 for elaboration. **14th Amendment defines “citizenship” (both US and State)**  (Dixonsaid this will be a test question.) Three prohibitions on states…- “Privileges and immunities”- “Due process”- “Equal protection”- What about “police power” of states (power to protect “public health, safety, and morals)? Section 5 appears to expand US Congress’ power. BUT SCOTUS has narrowed this power to “remedial” legislation. But section 5 gets entangled in states’ “sovereign immunity” defense so it can get tricky.- 1930s (Great Depression and the New Deal)- 1960s (To be cont.)o Policy area – To be discussed in a later