Could someone please answer the questions on the last page, if they were to answer the question on the test. I think that would help everyone as the terms are all covered. Thank YouNATIVE PEOPLES OF THE SOUTHWESTThe midterm exam will consist of 25 True/False, Matching, and Fill-in-Blank questions and two short essays worth 25 points each. Total: 75 points. You will have 4 essay questions to choose 2 from. 1. Define and discuss the Columbian Exchange as it affected the peoples and landscapes of the Southwest and Northern Mexico. Use the following terms in your answer: ● Columbian Exchange○ A major consequence of Columbus' voyages was the eventual exchange of goods between the Old World (Europe) and the New World (the Americas). ○ Voyage to the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492,● Biological Isolation of the Americas○ A reason for this could possibly be due to Indians crossing the Bering Strait○ Because of the biological isolation, the native peoples have less exposure to old world diseases.○ They were often helpless to their conquerors due to population decline, advanced weaponry, horses, etc.● Old World diseases ○ Measles○ Yellow fever○ Influenza○ Cowpox○ Smallpox (the most devastating epidemic of the old world)○ At that time, the Indians don’t have immunity to most of the Old World diseases that’s why their population drastically declined.● Old World livestock○ Horses, Donkeys, Mules, Pigs, Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Chickens, Large Dogs, Cats and Bees○ Old world livestock is often linked to epidemic diseases due to domestication.● Old World plants○ Sugarcane■ Sugarcane is an essential form of sucrose and is used in the diet of almost every culture.■ Columbus introduced sugarcane in his second voyage to the Americas.○ Maize■ Maize originated in America, but because of it's adaptable nature, it was able to be transported to Europe and successfully cultivated in various regions.○ Potatoes■ Amazing example of a New World crop which became essential to European diet.■ It could resist cold and grow in thin soil.● Beringia○ The Beringia land bridge was a land bridge roughly 1,000 miles north to south at its greatest extent, which joined present-day Alaska and eastern Siberia 2. Discuss the major political and environmental challenges the Spaniards encountered as their frontier moved northward out of Mesoamerica. Define and discuss what roles played in that northward expansion.Challenges that the Spaniards faced: arid/semi-arid climate, hostile Indian tribes, isolation/great distances ● Missions○ Incorporate Catholicism to bring Indians into the society; to save their soul (according to their beliefs)● Presidios○ Military garrisons of soldiers (usually the first line of defense); fortress○ Used by the the Spanish to protect their holdings and missions● Reales de minas○ Major source of income○ Served as the major funding for Spanish travel● Stock ranches○ Economic relationships linked remote mining communities with merchant and imperial capital ○ Sold meat, wool, dairy products○ Provide necessary products for mining community● Quinta real○ It is also known as the royal fifth which is an old royal tax that reserves to the monarch 20% of all precious metals (specifically gold and silver) and other commodities (like slaves). 3. Discuss how the Rarámuri (Tarahumaras) responded to Spanish missionization and colonization (greatly opposed). Define and use the following terms in your answer: ● Transhumance○ The action or practice of moving livestock from one grazing ground to another in a seasonal cycle● Reducción○ Compact Mission Village○ It never really worked because of lack of resources● Regions of refuge - NEED BETTER DEFINITION ○ The natives are poor by being native, do not control the definition of their poverty,and must cease to be native to cease to be poor○ To escape from the repartimiento, they took refuge in the Sierra Madre● Repartimiento○ Through the repartimiento system many Rarámuri were forced to work in the silver mines and fields of the Spaniards.○ Regulation to safeguard Indian labor is often ignored.○ To escape missions, repartimiento, they retreated westward into the westernbarrancas of Sierra Madre.● Old World livestock○ Old world livestock is often linked to epidemic diseases due to domestication○ "Rich" men, those who owned livestock, had greater influence.○ Livestock were very important to the economy○ Livestock had to be constantly tended so that they did not break fences and get into the crops.○ The owner of the livestock that damaged someone else's fields were held liable. 4. Discuss how Jesuit missionization affected the Yoemem (Yaquis). Define and use the following terms in your answer: ● Ranchería ○ They were estimated to number 30,000 people living in 80 rancherias (ranches) inan area about 60 miles (100 km) long and 15 miles (25 km) wide.○ Scattered impermanent settlements● Reducción To gather native peoples and live in a community (pueblos) with a rule of congregación.○ The process of getting Indians into a mission to civilize life; total resettlements● Floodplain recession agriculture ○ It is practiced along seasonally flooding rivers○ Planting crops as flood-water recedes● Eight Sacred Pueblos ○ Converting the 80+ Yaqui rancherias (impermanent settlements) and reduced it to 8 centralized communities under a mission. ● Myth of the Talking Tree○ The tree predicted Christianity and baptism, wars, famine, floods, drought, new inventions, even drug problems, and so on. ○ For more info read: http://parentseyes.arizona.edu/southcorner/surems.html5. How were the Seris (Comcáac) different from their Indian neighbors in Sonora (They do not speak a Uto-Aztecan language; They are not farmers) . Define and use the following terms inyour answer: ● Seris and the Giants ○ Seri associate much with the race of Giants who inhabited Baja, Sonoran Coast.○ Their language resembles “Giant talk” which is an archaic form of Seri language.● Seris and the desert○ Inhabit one of the driest stretches of the Sonoran desert○ Names for >400 plant species○ gathered 94 species as food such as columnar cacti, pods of mesquite, agaves, roots, ephemerals○ Manipulated the environment (resourceful)○ Hunted bighorns sheep, deers, used reptiles (iguana, chuckwallas), etc. as food forsurvival● Seris and