Exam Terms:The terms that will be on the exams will appear on the first side of every PowerPoint presentationAll PowerPoint presentations will be uploaded on D2L course pageSouthwest: A Working DefinitionWhere the Spanish Empire encountered Arid North America: enduring impact of Spain / Mexico on Native peopleEncompasses US Southwest and Northern Mexico: US – Mexico Border did not exist until 1848 / 1854Defined by both geography and history (through space and time)ClimateMost of the region arid or semi-arid except for mountain ranges: hot and dryWas a characteristic of this region, particularly in the SouthwestThe mountainous topography defines the geography of the SouthwestThe higher elevation =different plant and animal communities attracted here than lower elevationmore rainfall and snow than lower elevationThe lower elevation =different plant and animal communities attracted here than higher elevationless rainfall and snow than higher elevationTrue dry-farming difficult or impossibledry-farming is defined as: solely relying on rain that falls directly onto cropsFarmers need to supply crops with more water than direct rainfallWater most critical resourceGeography3 out of the 4 great deserts of North America located here: Mojave, Sonoran and ChihuahuanBisected by the Sierra Madre OccidentalColorado PlateauBasin and RangeSky IslandsRiversProvided a lot of water, which is an extremely vital resource for the native people of the southwestNative people did not have the technology to damn the rivers, unlike the White-European settlers (instead they waited for the river level to recede)Farming was the foundation of the economy of native people of the southwestHistoryBeginning in the 1500s, region where two major groups from outside region – Spanish empire from the South, Athabaskans (ancestors of Apaches / Navajos) from North – collided with Native people already living thereThey were also colliding with the other indigenous people of the Southwest that were also living hereMuch of the region remained a frontier until the late 19th century (1880s)Frontier:Is a very value-laden word used by the US and thus we must be careful how we define the word “frontier”In most basic sense of term – where no one group (tribe, community, etc) has monopoly on violence – from 1500s to 1800sNotes on 1/21Social Categories of Identity (remember- these will appear on exams!)Social HierarchyAll societies are hierarchical arranged in one way or another (will vary by society)Many of native groups have much less hierarchy system than European and American (misinformation and miscommunication)Helped to define people’s roles in societies through lifeHelped to rank people in those societiesRankIs a way of distributing powerIs the ability to exert one’s power over people in the groupIs socially constructed (differs from group to group; not inherent)No biological characteristicWe cannot reduce power or rank or resources to material correlates alonePower and rank may be based on supernatural rather than natural resources (clash between native people of the SW and Europeans)Common Ways to Arrange RankAgeOne of the most fundamentalMany societies rank by ageMaybe close to universal category of identityDo we rank by age in our society?YesThis is because our society is driven by technological advancesHowever, without technological advances our society would respect elderly peopleAge requirements for elected officeWhen one turns 21 years old (allowed to drink alcohol)When one turns 18 years old (allowed to vote)Educational system (grade)Less respect for age (senior citizens)Jokes and stereotypes (children teaching parents how to use electronic devices)GenderIs culturally constructed (remember sex is biological)Proper roles for men and women are going to differ from one society to another (will examine more during rest of course)How do gender roles in native societies differ from other native societies?How do gender roles in native societies differ from other societies? (European, American, etc)What is the proper role between males and females?Slave RaidingMany Indian groups stole women and children from other groups to incorporate into their own societies.Very different from chattel slavery like American South.Another category that involves race and ethnicityWhat about roles and expectations?Males are expected to take care of the people around them by having a jobFemales are expected to take care of the familyCan this dynamic change? Has this changed?More women in the workplace and more women are advancing in upper positionsClassMay or may not be an important factorThe Southwest was not a part of the Industrial RevolutionPrimarily an economic categoryMost associated with Karl MarxThe Father of CommunismDuring 1800s (Industrial Revolution)Money was made by being a wage worker than off the landMarx- Emphasized the importance of classIndustrial capitalism emerging in 2nd half of 1800s (US and Europe)Most important social category (most tension and most conflict and most possible for making change in economic system)Formation of labor unions (class within class)MeritAccomplishmentStatusWhat kind of power is associated with that status?These three things may differ from society to societyMaterial powerCattle, land, natural resources, etc“Spiritual” powerReligious ceremonies, role in religious ceremony, objects used in religious ceremonies, etcSupernatural powerCalling the rains, insuring the fertility of the crops, curing diseases, etc (these are powerful and dangerous if they are not performed correctly)Two Types of Status:AscribedThe status that one is born withSon of a king (born with more status than a son of a commoner)Based on what family, kin group, gender, race (many societies), and clan groupDifferent societies decide status differently (US and India)A number of researchers among the Hopi have argued that there is this generalized distinction between ‘most important people’ and ‘common people’Common mistakes that European officials made over 500 years of conquest and resistance is: projections of our own notions of societies and people onto others (common misconception)In many cases, authority was much more loosely defined (treaty with one Apache group would be honored by another Apache group)Higher ascribed status people have more connections, opportunities and a better education (better support system than lower ascribed status people)Lower ascribed status people are not expected to