BIOL 1441 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1-30Ch. 2- Electron, proton, neutron, molecule, compoundo Electron: subatomic particle with negative chargeo Proton: subatomic particle with positive chargeo Neutron: subatomic particle with neutral charge- make up nucleus w/ protonso Molecule: 2 or more atoms held together by a covalent bondo Compound: substance consisting of 2 or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio- Atomic number, atomic weight, cation, aniono Atomic #: # of protons (equal to # of electrons)o Atomic weight: (atomic mass) neutrons + protonso Cation: atom that loses an electron-has positive chargeo Anion: atom that gains electron-has negative charge- Concept- electrons and potential energyo The further away electrons are from the nucleus, more potential energy the possess- Hydrogen, ionic, covalent bonds(polar/nonpolar)o Hydrogen bond: hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atomo Ionic bond: attraction between oppositely charged molecules or atomso Covalent bond: sharing of electrons to fill valence shells Nonpolar: electrons are shared equally-no charge Polar: electrons NOT shared equally-charged- Bonding capacity, electronegativityo Bonding capacity: the # of covalent bonds the atom can formo Electronegativity: attraction of an atom for the electrons in a covalent bond The more electronegative an atom, the more strongly it pulls shared electrons toitself- Electron configurationo The distribution of electrons in atom’s electron shells that determine its chemical behaviorCh 3: Water- Mole, molar mass, molecular weight, molarityo Mole:o Molar mass: mass of 1 mol of a substance (grams)o Molecular weight: ass of 1 molecule (daltons)o Molarity: # of moles of solute per liter of solution- No molarity problems, understand the concept behind ito- 4 properties of water- hydrogen bondingo cohesion: binds a substance together H2O molecules attracted to each other=H bonds Contributes to transport of H2O and dissolved nutrients against gravity in plantso moderation of temperature:  can absorb or release large amounts of heat with only a slight change in its own temp (heat bank) heat: total amount of kinetic energy temperature: average kinetic energy water has a high specific heat (amount of heat must be absorbed or lost to change temp) because of hydrogen bonds heat absorbed-break H bonds heat released-forms H bonds *stabilizes ocean tempo expansion upon freezing: water is less dense as a solid (ice) than a liquid water expands instead of contracting below 4 degrees Celsius b/c hydrogen bonding water Is densest at 4°C freezing: molecules are no longer moving vigorously enough to break H bonds ice floats-water below is warmer/insulatedo versatility as a solvent: solvent: dissolving agent (water) solute: substance that is dissolved (salt) aqueous solution: water is solvent *compound doesn’t have to be ionic to be dissolved hydrophilic-any substance with attraction to water (charged-ionic/polar substances)- charged molecules attracted to charged molecules hydrophobic-nonionic/nonpolar substances repel water- uncharged molecules attracted to uncharged molecules- pH (yes, math problems)o pH: concentration of H+ ions in a solution acid: solute that donates H+- low pH base: reduces H+- high pHo pH= negative logarithm (base 10) of the hydrogen ion concentration- Bufferso Keep pH relatively constant-minimize change in H+ and OH-o ** blood buffers keep blood at pH 7.4o accepts H+ when they are in excess or donates H+ when there isn’t enoughCh 4: Functional Groups- Isomers- structural, geometric, enantiomerso Isomer: compounds with same molecular formula but different structures and properties Structural: have different covalent arrangements of their atoms or location of double bond Geometric: have same covalent arrangements but differ in spatial arrangements (inflexibility of double bonds)- Cis isomer: 2 Xs are on the same side- Trans isomer: 2 Xs are on opposite sides Enantiomers: isomers that are mirror images of eachother - Asymmetric carbon attached to 4 different atoms- Medications- one can be helpful, other can be harmful- Functional groups- identify, basic propertieso Functional group: chemical groups that affect molecular function Hydroxyl group: -OH- Name: alcohols ending in –ol- Polar: result of electronegative oxygen atom drawing electrons toward itself-attracts water molecules Carbonyl group: -CO- Names: o Ketone: group within carbon skeletono Aldehyde: group at the end of carbon skeleton- May be structural isomers with different properties/found in sugars Carboxyl group: -COOH- Name: carboxylic acids- Acidic properties- source of H+ Amino group: -NH2- Name: amines- Acts as a base; can pick up H+ from surrounding solution Sulfhydryl group: -SH- Name: thiols- 2 sulfhydryl groups can interact to help stabilize protein structure Phosphate group: -OPO32- - Name: organic phosphates- Makes the molecule an anion (negative charge)/potential to react with H2O to release energy Methyl group: -CH3- Name: methylated compounds- Affects expression of genes/shape can change function- **ONLY NON REACTIVE**Ch 5: 4 Classes Biological Molecules• Dehydration/condensation rxn– Dehydration (condensation): lose a H2O molecule to build polymer– Hydrolysis: add a H2O molecule to break down polymer• 4 major biological molecules– Functions, Basic properties, Structure (identify), Bonds– Carbohydrates: sugars• Monomer-monosaccharide: simple sugars• Glucose = most common monosaccharide• Energy for cells• Monosaccharides are classified by:• Location of carbonyl group• # carbons in carbon skeleton• Disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides joined by covalent bond by dehydration• Storage polysaccharides:• Plants: starch• Animals: glycogen• Structural polysaccharides:• Plants: cellulose• Animals: chitin– Lipids: DON’T form polymers• Hydrophobic• 3 types:• fats• phospholipids• steroids• fats: not polymers- energy storage• large molecules made by dehydration rxns• made from glycerol/fatty acids• fatty acid= carboxyl group attached to long carbon skeleton• 3 fatty acids + glycerol = triglyceride• formed by ester linkage: bond btwn hydroxyl and carboxyl group• saturated fatty acid: max #