BIOL 1441 1st Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture I. Carbon II. Carbon diversityIII. Functional groupsOutline of Current Lecture I. 4 main classes of moleculesII. MacromoleculesIII. Carbohydrates a. Monosaccharides b. Disaccharides Current LectureI. 4 Main Classes of Moleculesa. Carbohydratesb. Lipidsc. Proteinsd. Nucleic AcidsII. Macromolecules (form polymers-chains):i. Carbohydratesii. Proteinsiii. Nucleic acidsiv. NOT LIPIDSb. Macromolecules: Large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atomsi. Polymers: chain-like molecules1. Long molecules consisting of identical building blocks linked by covalent bondsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. Monomer: repeating unit (“building block”)iii. Synthesis & Breakdown of Polymers (also happens for lipids)1. Each class- different monomer2. Build polymer- dehydration rxn (condensation rxn)a. Lose a H2O molecule3. Break down polymer- hydrolysis rxna. Add a H2O moleculeiv. Diversity of Polymers1. Each cell has thousands of different macromolecules 2. An immense variety of polymers can be built from a small set of monomersa. 26 letters in alphabet- thousands of wordsb. 20 amino acids- thousands of proteinsIII. Carbohydratesa. Sugars & polymers of sugarsb. Monomer- monosaccharide, simple sugars (sweet)i. Disaccharide- 2 sugarsii. Polysaccharide- many sugars linkedc. Monosaccharide- multiple unit of CH2O(any ratio)i. Glucose (C6H12O6) most common monosaccharided. Monosaccharides classified by:i. Location of carbonyl group ii. Number of carbons in carbon skeletone. Monosaccharidesi. Location of the carbonyl group1. Aldose- aldehyde sugara. End carbonyl groupb. At end of skeletonii. Ketose- ketone sugar1. Middle carbonyl group2. In the middle of the skeletoniii. Structural Isomers1. Glucose- aldose2. Fructose- ketoseiv. Number of carbons in skeleton1. 3-7 carbons longa. C7H14O7 = biggestv. Glucose: energy1. Monosaccharides - major fuel for cells & raw material for building molecules 2. Cellular respiration- extract energy from glucose (make ATP)3. Only energy that the brain processes4. Your body doesn’t excrete glucosea. If in urine=diabetesf. Disaccharidesi. 2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage1. Covalent bond formed by a dehydration rxn2. Lose a water ® building (bigger!) ii. Maltose = 2 glucose moleculesiii. Sucrose= glucose + fructose (table sugar)iv. Lactose= glucose + galactose
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