BIOL 1441 1st Edition Lecture 1 Outline of Last Lecture I Reviewed syllabus Outline of Current Lecture I Structure II Energy III Chemical properties Current Lecture I STRUCTURE FUNTION a How does the body work i Chemical reactions rxn s 1 Chemical reactions molecules making and breaking bonds b Atom smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element i Electrons ii Protons iii Neutrons neutral iv Protons neutrons make up nucleus v Neutral electrical charge unless otherwise indicated vi NUMBER OF PROTONS NUMBER 0F ELECTRONS c Element cant be broken down into other substances by chemical rxn s i Consist of a certain kind of atom that is different from other elements ii Elements categorized by of atoms iii Carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogen make up 96 of all living matter 1 Phosphorous sulfur calcium potatssium 4 iv Trace element required in minute quantities 1 Iron iodine a Goiter iodine deficiency d Matter made up of elements i Anything that takes up space and has mass e Compound substance consisting of 2 or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute f II III Atomic mass weight of nucleus neutrons and protons electrons weigh almost nothing i Dalton atomic mass unit amu 1 1 proton or neutron 1 dalton g Atomic number number of protons i All atoms of a particular element have the same number of protons h Isotopes same elements but different number of neutrons i Atomic number stays same ii Atomic mass will change iii Radioactive isotopes unstable 1 Neutrons start decaying 2 Gives off particles and energy 3 Give off portion which changes element Energy a Atom s ability to interact with other molecules chemical rxn i Atoms collide only electrons interact b Energy capacity to cause change i Kinetic energy energy of movement ii Potential energy energy matter possesses due to location or structure c Low energy stable d Electrons have potential energy i Depends on how electrons are arranged in relation to the nucleus ii THE FURTHER AWAY ELECTRONS ARE FROM THE NUCLEUS MORE POTENTIAL ENERGY e Negative electrons attracted to positive protons f Matter moves to the lowest possible state of potential energy g Electrons can have changes in potential energy which occurs in fixed steps h Energy level how much potential energy electrons possess i Correlates to average distance from nucleus i Electron shells energy levels i Can move ii Absorbs energy moves farther away iii Loses energy moves closer Chemical properties reactivity a Chemical behavior is determined by electron configuration b Chemical behavior depends on the number of electrons in the outermost shell valent shell c Shells i 1st shell 2 electrons ii 2nd shell 8 electrons iii 3rd shell 8 electrons 1 Ex Oxygen a Shell 1 2 electrons b Shell 2 6 electrons missing 2 electrons d Full valence shell stable unreactive inert e Incomplete valence shells unstable reactive shells aren t real just space f Orbital pathways that electrons circle around nucleus i Each orbital can hold 2 electrons ii Shell 1 1s 1 orbital iii Shell 2 2s 1 orbital 3p 3 orbital fills up after 2s
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