Astr 151 1st Edition Final Exam Study Guide Lectures 21 33 1 Chapter 11 Jupiter a Orbital Properties i 0 048 degrees ii Axil tilt if 3 13 degrees iii It s center of mass is not in the center of the Sun iv Rotation rate 1 Jupiter has no surface 2 Different parts of the atmosphere rotates at different rates 3 9hour and 55min from it s magnetic field half of Earth s day b Physical Properties i Has small rings ii Largest moons were discovered by Galileo iii Mass 1 9x 10 27kg iv Radius 71 500km v Density 1 300kg ms vi Has a magnetic field 1 Metallic hydrogen behaves like an electric conductor a Predicted in 1936 but hard to prove experimentally since high pressure is needed 2 Geologic and magnetic north and south poles both are located in the same place on both sides 3 Has quadruple and octupole and higher components 4 Plasma Torus a Caused by charged particles interact with Jupiter s magnetosphere vii Has 67 moons including the moons Galileo discovered 1 Moons are asteroid sized probably caught in Jupiter s orbit 2 Moons within the rings help replenish the rings 3 59 irregular moons a Eccentric orbits 4 8 Regular moons are prograde a Close to circular 5 Galilean moons a IO i Closest to Jupiter ii 90 sulfur dioxide iii Changes surface features constantly iv Densest of Jupiter s moons v No craters and huge tidal forces vi Iron and iron sulfide core vii Most active thing in the universe thank to Ganymede and Jupiter s gravity viii Age is hard to determine since it s volcanoes cover up the craters as fast the moon receives them ix Charged ionized particles 1 Causes solar wind once heated and faint aurorae b Europa i Smooth and frozen water surface 1 Tidal force breaks the ice only for the atmosphere to freeze the escaping water again ii No craters iii No tectonic plates iv Induced magnetic field v Thin oxygen particles vi Density 3 000kg m 3 c Ganymede i Largest moon in the solar system ii Has craters iii Holds water ice iv Dark spots filled with dust v Atmosphere has thin oxygen vi Iron in core B field vii Has polar caps d Calisto i Meaning the prettiest one ii Atmosphere is thin mostly carbon dioxide iii Induced magnetic field iv No evidence of plate activity v Bright wrinkly spot called Valhalla viii Gravity 2 528grames ix Temperature depends on pressure 165K c Internal Structure i Could ve been a star but it s core didn t ignite d Atmosphere i 75 Hydrogen ii 24 Helium iii 1 various elements methane iv Crust molecular hydrogen v Mantle Liquid Hydrogen vi Core Metallic Hydrogen vii Jovian planets don t loose most of their mass due to their large masses viii Lowest layer of clouds aren t visible to telescope ix Has a hole in the atmosphere x Puts out more heat than the Sun due to the slow escape of gravitational energy 1 Core cools due to gravitational compression xi Kelvin Helmholtz mechanism Jupiter use to be bigger and hotter however it s contracting e How it was formed i Shallow 1 Everything happens on top of surface ii Deep 1 Everything happens below surface f Zones hold concentrations of ammonia i Zones are cooler and higher than belts ii Corresponds to upwelling of air g Oblateness a measure of how flattened a planet is i Jupiter has it because of it s fast rotation h Magnetosphere i Surrounded by belts of charged particles 30 kilometer across ii 20 000 times the size of Earth iii Extends beyond Saturn s orbit i Small White Spot Oval BA j Red Spot Great Red Spot or persistent cyclonic storm south of the equator 2 Chapter 12 Saturn a Physical Properties i 1610 planet seen by Galileo ii Saturn is noticeably oblate because it is a fluid body that is spinning rapidly iii 1655 rings proposed by Christian Huygens iv 1675 Cassini saw gaps in the rings v Mass 5 7 10 26 vi Radius 60 000 kilometer vii Density 700kg m 3 viii Rotation is rapid enough to flatten Saturn 1 10 57 hours per period ix Surface gravity 1 065g x Has magnetic fields xi Has 62 moons xii Has atmosphere xiii Eccentricity of orbit is 056 xiv 1 Orbital rotation 29 5 earth years xv Flattening 097 xvi Rings mainly made of Ice b Atmosphere i 3 Helium and 96 Hydrogen ii Compared to Jupiter Saturn s atmosphere is more calm with fewer storms iii Winds stronger than Jupiter Zonal Flow iv Hexagon feature on the north pole v Has zones and band structure vi 3 layer of clouds 1 Thicker than Jupiter s clouds cover a Ammonia ice b Hydro sulfate ice c Water ice vii Rarely has spots like Jupiter 1 Usually white 2 Storms last a few months c Magnetosphere and Interior i Radiates twice as much energy than the Sun 1 Gravitational compression 2 Helium and hydrogen condenses to droplets of rain 3 Has magnetosphere 5 as strong as Jupiter 4 Has dipole that creates aurorae ii Plasma from moons d Ring System i Range from millimeters to tenths of a meter ii Moons sharing an orbit with smaller moons are called Shepherd moons iii Too active to have lasted past the solar system birth iv Some portions are older than others v The rings are either replenished or are continuing to form over time vi Roche Limit 1 Best distance that the moon could survive 2 Ring system is within the limit 3 Things outside would be torn apart due to tidal force vii D C B Cassini Division A and F ring 1 Similar to 81 2 21 Earth in it s apparent size viii e Moons i Regular Moons 24 ii Major Moons 7 iii Small moons share orbits iv Saturn s orbit is more elliptical than Jupiter s and its tilt is much larger as well v All between 3 9 radii are tidally locked vi Shepherd Moons 1 Titan a Made of nitrogen b Only moon with an atmosphere c Radius is half of Earth s d Average temperature 93 7K e Lakes of Ethane or methane f Has an ambient temperature liquid on surface i Maybe hydrocarbons g Interior i Rock ice core ii High pressured ice 2 Enceladus a 14th satellite by distance orbits by the E ring b Seems youthful c Tiger stripes i Fractures in the ice d Cry o volcanoes i Has cold geysers ii Found by looking at the gravity and change on the satellite 3 Chapter 13 Uranus Neptune a Uranus i Discovered by W Herschel 1781 along with 3 of it s moons ii Rotates in it s side iii Means sky or heaven iv Mass 14 5 Earth v Has a magnetic field vi Has 27 moons 1 Largest moon is called Miranda vii 1 orbit 84 3 earth years viii Axial tilt 97 8 degrees ix 17 25 hour rotation period x Gravity 886 xi Flattening 017 xii Seasonal variations are extreme …
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