Exam 1 Study Guide: Lectures 1-8 Lecture 1Outline of Lecture 1: The FamilyI. What is it?II. How has it changed?III. How do we study it?___________________________I. What is family?According to U.S. Census Bureau: 1. Group of related people living together2. A household is the person(s) who live in a housing unitSide note: Children is a great factor in determining if it is a “family”Public vs. Private Families- Public Family Perform duties for the public good (care for others so the govt. doesn’t have to) One or two adults related by marriage, partnership or shared parenthood, who care for dependents- No dependents = no public family- Gay/Lesbian couples with children = public family- Private Family How we obtain love, intimacy, and emotional support 2 or more individuals who maintain a relationship Legal Definitions of marriage and family beget social and economic privileges1. Inheritance rights (social security)2. Health insurance3. Social acceptance Ex. Braschi vs. Stahl (1986)- Same sex couple lived in a rent-controlled apartment. Tenant died and partner remains alive. Landlord wanted to evict the partner, so he/she could increase the rent. It came down to “how does a state define a family?”- Judge revised the definition of a family:- Economically interdependent, committed to one another, identify themselves as a couple, sexual intimate or parent/child relationship II. Are Americans families changing for the better or for the worse?Historical Perspective- Love as a requirement for marriage is a more recent development~ Still not required in arrange marriages~Pre-industrial families: love and commitment not related - Role of children has changed~ Pre-industrial children were producers (laborers, workers)~ Transformation to economic dependents (play more than work) HDF 304~ Rates of childbirth have decreased with this change- Function of family has changed~ Shift from public to private~ No longer the same contract for production- Gender Roles~ Have changed multiple times~ Women worked outside the home: often in “female” roles~ Power change+ Can be witnessed in dating, particular after invention of the automobile+ Equal (split bills, chores, etc.)Gender Roles- Great Depression- Men and women took jobs in various areas- Laws favored men working+ 1932: Only one spouse can work and men got paid more- WWII Years- Major shift in roles for women- Rosie the Riveter Campaign “We Can Do It!”+ Women praised for working outside the home in traditionally male roles- Divorce rates escalated - 1950s was a reversal and more extreme version of female gender roles- Campaigns to get women working in home- Male breed winner; female homemaker - The Good Wife’s Guide: cook, be a good listener, entertain him, do not complain, make him comfortable, “A good wife knows her place”, submissive - Difficulties during the “Golden” 1950s- Many men suffered post-traumatic stress from war- Men felt burden of being the breadwinner- Women were secondary - Domestic violence against women was high but often unreported and sometimes accepted- Depression among women was at an all-time high: women said they were satisfied but didn’t want the same for their children- Those not fitting the “ideal” family form chastised- Rape even legal if not against virgins locals- The Feminine Mystique - How unhappy housewives were during the 1950s- New wave of feminism- Women wanted more than a husband and kids The Changing American Family- Higher age at marriage: median age for women: over 27, for men over 28- Age at marriage today is closer to the end of the 19th century than to the 1950s- % “Never Married” over time (age 35 and older) has increased recently: a higher proportion at every age that hasn’t been married- In summary:- Increased number of people who choose to delay marriage: economic options for women- People live longer periods of their lives unmarried than in the past- Marriage at older age  increase in non-marital births and non-marital cohabitation - Age at first marriage is generally higher in the Northeast- Unmarried fertility has increased7 in 10 for black mothers1 in 2 for Hispanic mothers3 in 10 for white mothers (increased most rapidly since 1950s)- Decreasing proportions of children are born within marriage Lecture 2Outline of Lecture 2:I. Teenage PregnancyII. Relationship/Family Research MethodsIII. Introduction to Attraction: Who we like and why?I. Teenage pregnancy- Statistics34% of teen girls get pregnant at least once before age of 2080% of these pregnancies are unintended 79% (Majority) are to unmarried teens - U.S. has the highest rate of teen pregnancy in the fully industrialized world + We’re at 41.9 girls in every 1000 girls+ Closest to us is United Kingdom at 26.7 girls in every 1000 girls- The rate of teenage pregnancy has steadily declined since the 1950s, but the number of pregnancies to unmarried teens has increased + But not because of pre-marital sex has increased + Rather, larger window of time to get pregnant outside of marriage + Stigma of unwed parenthood is disappearing+ Less likely to subsequently marry (i.e. less “shotgun weddings”) - Abstinence is increasing- Contraceptive use is increasing and teens are choosing more reliable methods (e.g. hormonal birth control vs. condoms)- BUT: The rate of teen pregnancy is still TOO HIGH!!! - About half of teenage pregnancies end in a live birth - Women who give birth before marriage are now much less likely to place their child for adoption (about 1% of teens are giving their children up for adoption; white use to give up their child more than blacks, now it has stabilized) - 40% have miscarriages, about 30 ish % (1/3) have an abortion- Why have an abortion: Financial instability, goals, dreams, lack of maturity to care for baby- Stephanie Coontz: wrote many easy read books about marriage and families II. Relationships/Family Research Methods- How do we study relationships?- Quantitative Methods: use the scientific method to test a specifically defined hypothesis; uses numbers to describe and explain issues being studied (main method used in this course)  Experiments Surveys Secondary Data Analysis (large database that you didn’t collect to answer your questions)  Can include longitudinal and cross-cultural studies (over a long period of time: i.e. surveys