HDF 304Final Exam Study Guide: Lectures: 24-34Lecture 24Abuse and ViolenceIntimate Partner ViolenceA. The physical, sexual or psychological harm by a current or former partner or spouseB. Can occur among heterosexual or same-sex couples and does not require sexual intimacyC. Types 1. Physical violence: a range of behaviors from slapping, pushing, shoving to severe actssuch as being beaten, burned or choked2. Sexual violence: a person is forced to engage in sexual act against their will. Trying to force them 3. Psychological/Emotional violence: includes humiliation, control, isolation (from society, support network), neglect Types of abuseA. “All family violence is abhorrent, but not all family violence is the same.”1. Patriarchal terrorism (Intimate terrorism)a. Male systematically abuses female with the goal of gaining and displaying controlover her- Beatings happen more than once a week and escalate in seriousness over time - Most of the time women do not fight back (they don’t think they can get out of it, no alternatives)- Can involve other types of abuse besides physical:+ Minimizing, denying, and blaming (hitting you but making it your fault)+ Coercion and threats (have to have sex with you or they’ll beat you)+ Intimidation+ Emotional abuse+ Isolation+ Using children+ Economic abuse B. Common Couple Violence1. Typical family conflicts that occasionally get out of controla. Approximately 50% of couples experience CCVb. At least as likely to be enacted by women as by men c. Occurs about once every two months d. Doesn’t escalate over timee. Unlike patriarchal terrorism, it’s not usually related to generalized control issues (usually brought up by frustration) StalkingA. A course of conduct directed at a specific person that involves repeated visual or physical proximity, nonconsensual communication, or threats, or a combination thereof, that would cause a reasonable person fear 1. Unwanted phone calls, texts, etc. 2. Receiving unwanted items or gifts3. Being approached at home or work 4. Being watched, followed or tracked with a GPS or listening deviceB. 1 in 6 women and 1 in 19 men in the U.S. have experienced stalking at some point in their lives C. Most often committed by someone the victim knows:1. Most often stalked by a current or former intimate partner2. 24% stalked by acquaintance3. 13% stalked by strangerD. STEPSS – See it T – ThreatE – EvidenceP – Protection (putting FB on private, etc.)S – Support (seeking out friends, family, law enforcement) Gender (a) symmetry in partner violenceA. It depends on the sample1. Community survey samples: Women are at least as likely, if not more, to use violenceagainst them2. Shelter and Police samples: nearly all victims are women; all perpetrators men B. It depends on the type of violence1. Common Couple Violence: Women are at least as likely, if not more, to use violence against men2. Patriarchal Terrorism: Nearly all victims are women; all perpetrators men Keep in mindA. Even though gender differences exist1. Women are more likely to be seriously injured2. Women are twice as likely to be killed Why differentiate between types of violence?A. Develop better theories about causes and consequences B. Public policy: Knowing where and how to direct economic resources C. Education and ___Predictors of ViolenceA. Low socioeconomic statusB. Stressful events (e.g. unemployment, unplanned pregnancy) C. Family background (e.g. growing up in a violent family) Physical and Mental Health OutcomesAsthma, Diabetes, High Blood Pressure, Poor Physical and Mental Health, Difficulty sleeping, Activity Limitations, etc. Lecture 25Abused spouses don’t always leave…- Study of 51 battered women over 2.5 years - 43% Left abusive partner; unattached or in non-abusive relationship- 23% Remained with abusive partner, no violence for at least 1 year- 33% Still in an abusive relationship Reasons people to stay- More likely to leave when violence causes injury and is escalating- Characteristics that are related to being less likely to leave an abusive relationships+ Being older+ Emotional attachment+ Viewing violence as more normative+ Depression, anxiety, lack of efficacy+ Fear+ Religion+ Financial dependence+ Embarrassment Investment ModelSatisfaction level +  commitment Investment size +  commitment Quality of Alternatives -  commitment  persistence [usually more invested as well]Ted TalkThe Secrets of Domestic Violence: Why does she stay?- 22, graduated from Harvard, writer/journalist for Seventeen Magazine- Man pointed a gun at her, threatening to kill her more times than she can remember- Crazy Love- Domestic violence happens to EVERYONE. - Over 85% of abusers are women: in families, interdependent relationships - 16-24 ages be in domestic violence relationships- Most victims know nothing about DV, don’t see the signs or the symptoms - Making you leave, introducing the threat of violence, chokehold, bruises- 1 in 3 American women experience DV or stalking - She didn’t see herself as a battered women, thought she was the only person who could HELP Connor out of all these demons- Court systems, threats, stalking - She broke the silence, she told everyone. IPV Stats- Between 600,000 and 6 million women are victims of domestic violence each year and between 100,000 and 6 million men, depending on the type of survey used to obtain thedata- In 2005, there was IPV in about 1 in every 320 U.S. households- In 2008, IPV constituted 5% of all violence against males and 22% of all violence against females in U.S. Intimate Partner Homicide- About 1/3 of female murder victims aged 12 or older are killed by an intimate partner vs.roughly 3% of male victims+ Intimate partners commit 14% of all murders (~1600 women, ~700 men in 2007)+ Black women were murdered at a rate nearly 2.5 times higher than white women- IPV is a leading cause of homicides and injury-related deaths during pregnancy Risk Factors- The risk of a woman being killed by an intimate partner significantly increases when the abuser:+ Has access to a gun and has made previous threats or assaults with a gun+ Threatens murder+ Is extremely jealous+ Attempts to strangle the victim+ Is physically violent with increasing severity and/or frequency+ Abuses drugs or alcohol ~ More than 2/3 of homicide and attempted homicide offenders were intoxicatedat the time of the incident, compared to fewer than ¼ of their victims+ The victim has recently separated from the