POLI 365 1nd Edition Lecture 17Outline of Previous Lecture I. Types of Local/County Government StructureII. MunicipalitiesIII. Structure of Municipal GovernmentsIV. Single Purpose GovernmentsV. Tiebout Model VI. Metropolitan AreasOutline of Current Lecture I. Metropolitan Areas (continued)II. State and Local Relations III. Education PolicyCurrent LectureI. Metropolitan Areas (cont)a. Regionalism v. Localismb. Consolidation v. Fragmentation i. Fragmentation: lots of local governments that provide different services ii. Consolidation: fewer governments that work together to provide services.Consolidation is a response to the proliferation of governments in metropolitan areas. There can be consolidation of governments or just of services.iii. City-County Consolidation 1. Single, county-wide government that consolidates city and county governments 2. There are at least 32 of these in the US These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.3. The movement for these consolidations started in the 70s, mostly in the Midwest and upper South iv. Benefits of Consolidation 1. Coordination- it is more effective 2. Economies of scale: the more product you are producing, the lower the cost of that product which saves the county area3. Equality: consolidation helps equalize the services that people will get and how people will pay for the services 4. Responsibilityv. Costs of Consolidation 1. Loss of identity 2. Winners and losers: some people might lose services, have to pay more taxes, political positions will lose 3. Don’t always see savings with the economies of scale II. State and Local Relationsa. Differs from nation-state relations; localities not mentioned or protected in the US Constitutioni. Because localities are not protected in the Constitution, it is often debated how much home rule localities should have. 1. Justice Thomas Cooley said that the management of localities should belong to the people concerned because they are the mostcapable of understanding their own affairs. He also said that it is a matter of “constitutional right” to have the authority to govern locally. 2. Justice John Forrest Dillon established a doctrine in 1868 saying that localities are derived from the legislature, and that the legislature has the power to create or destroy municipalities. ii. Dillon’s Rule 1. A legal doctrine that states “unless the state constitution says otherwise, local governments only have the power that they are:a. Expressly granted to them by the state legislature b. Necessarily implied from the grant of power c. Essentially and indispensable to the municipality’s existence and functioning III. Education Policy a. Public K-12 Education i. Local funding and administration covers:1. Day to day operations2. 90% of schools are funded by local governments ii. States act as policy makers for policy such as:1. Duration of the year, curriculum, textbooks, teacher certification, graduation requirements, student to teacher ratiosiii. We’ve had a trend of centralization: movement of power and responsibilities from local levels to state and federal levels. This is due to:1. Political pressures 2. Financial pressures a. Problems with reliance on property taxb. Inequalities lead to challenges in court c. Redistribution formula b. K-12 Education Funding In SCi. Property Tax Relief Programs 1. Reduces local property taxes 2. Replaces with state money ii. Act 388, 20061. Exempted owner occupied homes from school operating tax2. Increased state sales tax from 5% to 6%3. Sent money back to localities based on how much lost iii. Capital Improvements 1. General obligation