History Final Study online at quizlet com kk1ax 1 Anabaptists Radical reformers in Germany and Switzerland who emphasized that baptism should only be of adults and that Christians should separate themselves into communities of the truly redeemed 2 Armada Massive fleet of Spanish warships sent against England by Philip II but defeated by the English navy and bad weather in 1588 The tactics used by the English helped set the future course of naval warfare 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Augsburg Confession Document written by Philipp Melanchthon that became the most widely accepted statement of the Lutheran faith Aztecs People who dominated the Valley of Mexico from the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries and whose empire was destroyed by Cortes Baldassare Castiglione Baroque 1478 1529 He is most famous for being the author of The Courtier which was about education and manners and had a great influence He was a servant of the duke of Urbino and the pope and a smooth diplomat He tried to represent court culture as a combination of military virtues and literary and artistic cultivation He represents that belief in The Courtier Style of European art and architecture popular from the late sixteenth to early eighteenth centuries it modified Renaissance techniques adding dynamism and emotional energy which resulted in works that were both impressively grand and emotionally engaging Bartolome de Las Casas 1474 1566 A former encomendero and the first bishop of Chiapas who passionately defended Indian rights and urged the passage of laws abolishing Indian slavery Charles I of England 1600 1649 King of England 1625 1649 numerous conflicts with Parliament fought wars with France Spain and Scotland eventually provoked Civil War convicted of treason and beheaded Charles V Christopher Columbus Civic Humanism Holy Roman emperor and King Charles I of Spain His empire included Spain Italy the Low Countries Germany and the New World Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China 1451 1506 An ideology popular with the political leaders of Florence that emphasized Rome s classical republican virtues of duty and public service 12 Columbian Exchange The blending of cultures between the Old World and the New Columbus and others who followed brought plants animals and diseases that transformed North and South America 13 Confessionalization also known as the second reformation attempted to consolidate the insights and the achievements of the initial phase of Protestantism The term itself means the emergence of forms of Christianity which defined themselves with reference to confessions of faith 14 Council of the Indies An administrative body established in 1524 to oversee commerce and administration in Spain s colonial possessions 15 Council of Trent An ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church called to both respond to the Protestant challenge and institute reforms in the Catholic Church Its decrees established the basic tenets of Roman Catholicism for the next four hundred years CounterReformation Catholic Reform The period of church reform instituted by Roman Catholicism as a reaction to the Protestant Reformation It extended from the early 16th to the mid 17th century and set the course for Catholic theology and practice until Vatican Council II 1962 65 17 Desiderius Erasmus 1466 1536 Prominent Dutch humanist who is best known for his satire The Praise of Folly 18 Dona Marina 1501 1550 An enslaved Mexica noblewoman who served as translator and guide for Cortes 19 Edict of Nantes 1598 edict of Henry IV granting France s Protestants or huguenots the right to practice their faith and maintain defensive garrisons 20 Elizabeth I ruled 1558 1603 Able and long lived ruler who firmly established Protestantism in England and defended the nation against the Spanish Armada but who bequeathed financial religious and political problems to her successors 16 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Empirical Method Philosophical view developed by Bacon and Locke which holds that all knowledge is based on observation and experimentation and that general principles should be derived from particular facts Encomienda A royal protectorship granted with the obligation to protect and Christianize the people Instead natives became virtual slaves Ferdinand Magellan 1480 1521 The Spanish explorer who established the routes by which ships could sail around the world Francesco Petrarch 1304 1374 Influential poet biographer and humanist who strongly advocated imitation of the literary and moral values of the leading Greek and Roman writers Francis Bacon 1561 1626 England s lord chancellor during the reign of James I and author of influential works encouraging the empirical scientific method and inductive reasoning Francisco Pizarro A Spanish conquistador who went to the Incas and took emporer prisoner and then killed him and took over the Inca empire French Religious Wars 1562 1598 Series of civil wars in France in which the aristocracy and the monarchy battled one another for supremacy Galileo Galilei Italian physicist and astronomer who provided evidence supporting the heliocentric theory and helped develop the science of mechanics Gentry Class of wealthy educated and social ambitious families in western Europe especially England whose political and economic power was greatly enhanced during the sixteenth century Geocentric Theory Arrangement of the solar system that places the earth at the center with the sun and planets orbiting the earth Giotto de Bondone Florentine painter known for his 38 frescoes in the Arena Chapel his paintings embody sweetness and an ordinary eloquence that typified Medieval art Gonzaga Court ruling family in Mantua Italy and greatest patrons of the arts during the Renaissance Heliocentric Theory Means sun centered Theory of Nicholas Copernicus that the earth and other planets orbit the sun Henry IV of France Originally Henry of Navarre He was a Politique He became a Catholic because he knew most of France was Catholic He gave the Huguenots religious liberty His rule paved the way for French absolutism and helped restore internal peace in France Henry VII of England ruled 1509 1547 King of England who broke with the church over the issue of his divorce In the end Henry claimed that as king he was the head of the Church in England 36 Hernan Cortes 1485 1546 The Spanish commander who conquered the Aztec Empire with a tiny force of Spaniards
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