History Final1. Anabaptists Radical reformers in Germany and Switzerlandwho emphasized that baptism should only be ofadults and that Christians should separatethemselves into communities of the "trulyredeemed."2. Armada Massive fleet of Spanish warships sent againstEngland by Philip II but defeated by theEnglish navy and bad weather in 1588. Thetactics used by the English helped set the futurecourse of naval warfare.3. AugsburgConfessionDocument, written by Philipp Melanchthon,that became the most widely acceptedstatement of the Lutheran faith.4. Aztecs People who dominated the Valley of Mexicofrom the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuriesand whose empire was destroyed by Cortes.5. BaldassareCastiglione(1478-1529) He is most famous for being theauthor of The Courtier, which was abouteducation and manners and had a greatinfluence. He was a servant of the duke ofUrbino and the pope and a smooth diplomat.He tried to represent court culture as acombination of military virtues and literary andartistic cultivation. He represents that belief inThe Courtier.6. Baroque Style of European art and architecture popularfrom the late sixteenth to early eighteenthcenturies, it modified Renaissance techniques,adding dynamism and emotional energy,which resulted in works that were bothimpressively grand and emotionally engaging.7. Bartolomede LasCasas1474-1566: A former encomendero and the firstbishop of Chiapas, who passionately defendedIndian rights and urged the passage of lawsabolishing Indian slavery.8. Charles I ofEngland1600-1649; King of England 1625-1649;numerous conflicts with Parliament; foughtwars with France, Spain, and Scotland;eventually provoked Civil War, convicted oftreason, and beheaded9. Charles V Holy Roman emperor and King Charles I ofSpain. His empire included Spain, Italy, theLow Countries, Germany, and the New World.10. ChristopherColumbusItalian navigator who discovered the NewWorld in the service of Spain while looking fora route to China (1451-1506)11. CivicHumanismAn ideology popular with the political leadersof Florence that emphasized Rome's classicalrepublican virtues of duty and public service12. Columbian Exchange The blending of cultures betweenthe Old World and the New.Columbus, and others whofollowed, brought plants, animals,and diseases that transformedNorth and South America.13. Confessionalization also known as "the secondreformation" attempted toconsolidate the insights and theachievements of the initial phase ofProtestantism. The term itselfmeans the emergence of forms ofChristianity which definedthemselves with reference to"confessions of faith"14. Council of the Indies An administrative body establishedin 1524 to oversee commerce andadministration in Spain's colonialpossessions.15. Council of Trent An ecumenical council of theRoman Catholic Church called toboth respond to the Protestantchallenge and institute reforms inthe Catholic Church. Its decreesestablished the basic tenets ofRoman Catholicism for the nextfour hundred years.16. Counter-Reformation/CatholicReformThe period of church reforminstituted by Roman Catholicism asa reaction to the ProtestantReformation. It extended from theearly 16th to the mid-17th centuryand set the course for Catholictheology and practice until VaticanCouncil II (1962-65).17. Desiderius Erasmus 1466-1536: Prominent Dutchhumanist who is best known for hissatire: The Praise of Folly18. Dona Marina 1501-1550: An enslaved Mexicanoblewoman who served astranslator and guide for Cortes.19. Edict of Nantes 1598: edict of Henry IV, grantingFrance's Protestants or huguenots,the right to practice their faith andmaintain defensive garrisons.20. Elizabeth I ruled 1558-1603: Able and longlived ruler who firmly establishedProtestantism in England anddefended the nation against theSpanish Armada, but whobequeathed financial, religious, andpolitical problems to her successors.History FinalStudy online at quizlet.com/_kk1ax21. EmpiricalMethodPhilosophical view developed by Bacon andLocke, which holds that all knowledge isbased on observation and experimentation andthat general principles should be derived fromparticular facts.22. Encomienda A royal protectorship granted with theobligation to protect and Christianize thepeople. Instead, natives became virtual slaves23. FerdinandMagellan1480?-1521: The Spanish explorer whoestablished the routes by which ships couldsail around the world.24. FrancescoPetrarch1304-1374: Influential poet, biographer, andhumanist who strongly advocated imitation ofthe literary and moral values of the leadingGreek and Roman writers25. FrancisBacon1561-1626: England's lord chancellor duringthe reign of James I and author of influentialworks encouraging the empirical scientificmethod and inductive reasoning.26. FranciscoPizarroA Spanish conquistador who went to the Incasand took emporer prisoner and then killed himand took over the Inca empire27. FrenchReligiousWars1562-1598; Series of civil wars in France inwhich the aristocracy and the monarchybattled one another for supremacy28. GalileoGalileiItalian physicist and astronomer who providedevidence supporting the heliocentric theoryand helped develop the science of mechanics.29. Gentry Class of wealthy, educated, and socialambitious families in western Europe,especially England, whose political andeconomic power was greatly enhanced duringthe sixteenth century.30. GeocentricTheoryArrangement of the solar system that placesthe earth at the center with the sun and planetsorbiting the earth31. Giotto deBondoneFlorentine painter known for his 38 frescoes inthe Arena Chapel, his paintings embodysweetness and an ordinary eloquence thattypified Medieval art.32. GonzagaCourtruling family in Mantua, Italy and greatestpatrons of the arts during the Renaissance33. HeliocentricTheoryMeans "sun-centered." Theory of NicholasCopernicus that the earth and other planetsorbit the sun.34. Henry IV ofFranceOriginally Henry of Navarre. He was aPolitique . He became a Catholic because heknew most of France was Catholic. He gavethe Huguenots religious liberty. His rule pavedthe way for French absolutism and helpedrestore internal peace in France.35. Henry VII ofEnglandruled 1509-1547: King of England whobroke with the church over the issue of hisdivorce. In the end, Henry claimed that, asking, he was the head of the Church inEngland.36. Hernan Cortes 1485-1546: The Spanish commander whoconquered the Aztec Empire with a tinyforce of Spaniards, reinforced by numerousIndian allies37.
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