1 Concerning the Islands Recently Discovered in the Indian Sea Christopher Columbus to Gabriel Sanchez 1493 Columbus letter is the first text describing his voyages and appeared in Spanish and Latin the international language of the time only a few months after he returned to Europe The Spanish letter was addressed to Luis de Sant ngel the royal secretary and accountant of the Crown of Aragon while the Latin text translated here was sent to Gabriel Sanchez the treasurer of the Crown of Aragon Both were widely reprinted and translated into other vernaculars soon after their initial publication Because my undertakings have attained success I know that it will be pleasing to you these I have determined to relate so that you may be made acquainted with everything done and discovered in this our voyage On the thirty third day after I departed from Cadiz I came to the Indian sea where I found many islands inhabited by men without number of all which I took possession for our most fortunate king with proclaiming heralds and flying standards no one objecting To the first of these I gave the name of the blessed Savior on whose aid relying I had reached this as well as the other islands But the Indians call it Guanahany I also called each one of the others by a new name For I ordered one island to be called Santa Maria of the Conception another Fernandina another Isabella another Juana and so on with the rest As soon as we had arrived at that island which I have just now said was called Juana I proceeded along its coast towards the west for some distance I found it so large and without perceptible end that I believed it to be not an island but the continental country of Cathay seeing however no towns or cities situated on the sea coast but only some villages and rude farms with whose inhabitants I was unable to converse because as soon as they saw us they took flight I proceeded farther thinking that I would discover some city or large residences At length perceiving that we had gone far enough that nothing new appeared and that this way was leading us to the north which I wished to avoid because it was winter on the land and it was my intention to go to the south moreover the winds were becoming violent I therefore determined that no other plans were practicable and so going back I returned to a certain bay that I had noticed from which I sent two of our men to the land that they might find out whether there was a king in this country or any cities These men traveled for three days and they found people and houses without number but they were small and without any government therefore they returned Now in the meantime I had learned from certain Indians whom I had seized there that this country was indeed an island and therefore I proceeded towards the east keeping all the time near the coast for 322 miles to the extreme ends of this island From this place I saw another island to the east distant from this Juana 54 miles which I called forthwith Hispana and I sailed to it and I steered along the northern coast as at Juana towards the east 564 miles 2 And the said Juana and the other islands there appear very fertile This island is surrounded by many very safe and wide harbors not excelled by any others that I have ever seen Many great and salubrious rivers flow through it There are also many very high mountains there All these islands are very beautiful and distinguished by various qualities they are accessible and full of a great variety of trees stretching up to the stars the leaves of which I believe are never shed for I saw them as green and flourishing as they are usually in Spain in the month of May some of them were blossoming some were bearing fruit some were in other conditions each one was thriving in its own way The nightingale and various other birds without number were singing in the month of November when I was exploring them There are besides in the said island Juana seven or eight kinds of palm trees which far excel ours in height and beauty just as all the other trees herbs and fruits do There are also excellent pine trees vast plains and meadows a variety of birds a variety of honey and a variety of metals excepting iron In the island which I called Hispana as we said above there are great and beautiful mountains vast fields groves fertile plains very suitable for planting and cultivating and for the building of houses The convenience of the harbors in this island and the remarkable number of rivers contributing to the healthfulness of man exceed belief unless one has seen them The trees pasturage and fruits of this island differ greatly from those of Juana This Hispana moreover abounds in different kinds of spices in gold and in metals On this island indeed and on all the others which I have seen and of which I have knowledge the inhabitants of both sexes go always naked just as they came into the world except some of the women who use a covering of a leaf or some foliage or a cotton cloth which they make themselves for that purpose All these people lack as I said above every kind of iron they are also without weapons which indeed are unknown nor are they competent to use them not on account of deformity of body for they are well formed but because they are timid and full of fear They carry for weapons however reeds baked in the sun on the lower ends of which they fasten some shafts of dried wood rubbed down to a point and indeed they do not venture to use these always for it frequently happened when I sent two or three of my men to some of the villages that they might speak with the natives a compact troop of the Indians would march out and as soon as they saw our men approaching they would quickly take flight children being pushed aside by their fathers and fathers by their children And this was not because any hurt or injury had been inflicted on any one of them for to every one whom I visited and with whom I was able to converse I distributed whatever I had cloth and many other things no return being made to me but they are by nature fearful and timid Yet when they perceive that they are safe putting aside all fear they are of simple manners and trustworthy and very liberal with everything they have refusing no one who asks for anything they may possess and even themselves inviting us to ask for things They show greater love for all others than for themselves they give valuable things for trifles being satisfied even with a very small return or with nothing however
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