Graham Thurgood (English121) 68 History of English The following outline presents some of the major influences and developments in the history ofEnglish. 1 In plain-type text are found the major landmarks in the non-linguistic history of English — that is,factors such as conquest of English speakers by speakers of other languages; intellectual attitudes towardslanguages; social, religious, and political changes, and so on, which affect how a language changes. Englishhas been influenced by other languages throughout its development and has borrowed a great many vocabu-lary items, samples of which are listed in the appropriate sections. In bold-face type are found some of themajor landmarks in the linguistic history of English — that is, the actual changes in the language itself,some of which have been influenced by outside events. (Latest revision 2001)Non-linguistic history; linguistic history Dates Events Language InfluencePre-English Grimm's Law Settlement of British Isles by Celts Celtic{London, Dover, Avon, Cornwall}55 B.C. Beginning of Roman raids43 A.D. Roman occupation of 'Brittania' Latinearly 5th C.Romans leave British isles449 Germanic tribes defeat Celts GermanicOld English (450-ll00) Loss of /x/Adoption of / z# / i-umlautAllophonic variants [f]/[v], [ T ]/[ D ], [s]/[z], [ N ]/[n] become phonemic Vowel reduction and subsequent loss of final [ ´ ] in unstressed syllables lead to loss of case endings, more rigid word order, greater use of prepositions 1. This section owes its essence to Language Files, file 131, The Ohio State University, thirdedition, 1985.Graham Thurgood (English121) 69c. 600 England is converted to Christianity Latin borrowings{abbot, altar, cap, chalice, hymn, relic, sock, beet, pear, oyster, cook, lily,rue, school, verse, meter}c. 750 Beowulf composed writing (only extant manuscript written c. 1000)9th-11th C.Invasions by Scandinavians Scandinavian{birth, sky, trust, take, skirt, disk, borrowingsdike; simplified pronoun system}1066 Battle of Hastings - Norman Conquest large French{court, battle, nation, enemy, crime, influencejustice, beef, pork, veal, mutton,charity, miracle}Middle English (1100-1450)c. 1200 Normandy and England are separated 1300-1600The Great Vowel ShiftSimplification of the initial consonant clusters: [kn] > [n] 'knee' [wr] > [r] 'wrong' Voicing of voiceless sonorants: [hl] > [l] 'hlaf' > 'loaf' [hr] > [r] 'hring' > 'ring' 13th-14th C.Growing sense of English-ness1340-1400ChaucerGraham Thurgood (English121) 70Early Modern English (1450-1700)1476 First English book published; spellingis eventually standardized Latin and Greek1564-1616Shakespeare borrowings and{anachronism, allusion, atmosphere, neologismscapsule, dexterity, halo, agile, external, insane, adapt, erupt, exist,extinguish}Modern English (1700-present)16th-19th C.Imperialism borrowings from various languagesdevelopment of American English19th-20th C.scientific and industrial revolution technical vocabularies === * === * === * === * === The Old English i-umlautOld English changeModern English fo:t- I > fe:t feetlu:s- I > li:s licemann- I >m E nn menda:l I > dæ:l dealfull- I an> f I ll fillbru:d I > bri:d brideGraham Thurgood (English121) 71 Old English Modern English kInn chingI´8ldan yieldkI´8l chillgœ´8r year Old English Modern English ske@´8p sheepski@r shireskI´8ld shieldskE´8kan shake Old English Modern English nOsu nosewulfas wolvesbaTIan batheknafa knaveGraham Thurgood (English121) 72 Middle English to Modern English MiddleModern EnglishEnglish 1. hu@s ‘house’ 2. wi@f ‘wife’ 3. stO@n ‘stone’ 4. he@ ‘he’ 5. hro@f ‘roof’ 6. so@n ‘soon’ 7. hwi@t ‘white’ 8. kwe@n ‘queen’ 9. na@m ‘name’ 10. bO@n ‘bone’ 11. ba@k ‘bake’ 12. hlu@d ‘loud’ 13. li@k ‘like’ 14. wi@d ‘white’ 15. u@r´ ‘our’ 16. Tu@s´nd ‘thousand’ 17. be@´ ‘bee’ 18. be@t ‘beet’ 19. mo@n ‘moon’ 20. do@ ‘do’ 21. dœ@d ‘deed’ 22. tœ@c#´n ‘teach’ 23. hO@l ‘whole’ 24. O@k ‘oak’ 25. ma@d ‘made’Graham Thurgood (English121) 73 The Great Vowel Shift (Early Modern English) 3. Using the chart(s) above as guides, determine what the following Old English words would be in modernEnglish. Involves I-umlaut and the Great Vowel Shift. go@s goose go@@s - I ______________________ wi@f ______________________ hu@s ______________________ lu@s ______________________ lu@s - I ______________________ mu@s ______________________ mu@s - I ______________________ full - Ian ______________________ le@af ______________________ fo@@t - I ______________________ bru@dI ______________________ mann - I