History of EnglishGraham Thurgood (English121) 99 History of English The following outline presents some of the major influences and developments in the history ofEnglish. 1 In plain-type text are found the major landmarks in the non-linguistic history of English — that is,factors such as conquest of English speakers by speakers of other languages; intellectual attitudes towardslanguages; social, religious, and political changes, and so on, which affect how a language changes. Englishhas been influenced by other languages throughout its development and has borrowed a great many vocabu-lary items, samples of which are listed in the appropriate sections. In bold-face type are found some of themajor landmarks in the linguistic history of English — that is, the actual changes in the language itself,some of which have been influenced by outside events. (Latest revision 2002)Non-linguistic history; linguistic history Dates Events Language InfluencePre-English Grimm's Law (see Grimm’s Law pdf)Settlement of British Isles by Celts Celtic{London, Dover, Avon, Cornwall}55 B.C. Beginning of Roman raids43 A.D. Roman occupation of 'Brittania' Latinearly 5th C. Romans leave British isles449 Germanic tribes defeat Celts GermanicOld English (450-ll00) Loss of /x/nightlightNachtAdoption of / z# /treasure, pleasure, measure,leisure, rouge 1. This section owes its essence to Language Files, file 131, The Ohio State University, thirdedition, 1985.Graham Thurgood (English121) 100 i-umlautfoot/feet, fall/fell, goose/geese, mouse/mice,louse/lice, man/menAllophonic variants [f]/[v],brief brevitychief achieverelief relievebelief believe[ T ]/[ D ], tooth teeth teetheloath loathingbreath breathesoothe [s]/[z], [ N ]/[n] become phonemickin kingsin singzen zinc O LD E NGLISH CASES ( DECLENSIONS ) Vowel reduction and subsequent loss of final [ ´ ] in unstressed syllables lead to loss of case endings, more rigid word order, greater use of prepositionsThe man broke the bottle with a hammer.Graham Thurgood (English121) 101 MasculineNominative dol cyning ‘foolish king’Accusative dol-ne cyningGenitive dol-es cyning-esDative dol-um cyning-eInstrumental dol-e cyning-eNeuterNominative dol bearn ‘foolish child’Accusative dol bearnGenitive dol-es bearn-esDative dol-um bearn-eInstrumental dol-e bearn-eFeminineNominative dol-u ide-s ‘foolish woman’Accusative dol-e ide-seGenitive dol-re ide-seDative dol-re ide-se c. 600 England is converted to Christianity Latin borrowings{abbot, altar, cap, chalice, hymn, relic, sock, beet, pear, oyster, cook, lily,rue, school, verse, meter}c. 750 Beowulf composed writing (only extant manuscript written c. 1000)9th-11th C. Invasions by Scandinavians Scandinavian{birth, sky, trust, take, skirt, disk, borrowingsdike; simplified pronoun system}1066 Battle of Hastings - Norman Conquest large French{court, battle, nation, enemy, crime, influencejustice, beef, pork, veal, mutton,charity, miracle}Middle English (1100-1450)c. 1200 Normandy and England are separated 1300-1600 The Great Vowel ShiftSimplification of the initial consonantGraham Thurgood (English121) 102 clusters: [kn] > [n] 'knee' [wr] > [r] 'wrong' Voicing of voiceless sonorants: [hl] > [l] 'hlaf' > 'loaf' [hr] > [r] 'hring' > 'ring' 13th-14th C. Growing sense of English-ness1340-1400 ChaucerGraham Thurgood (English121) 103Early Modern English (1450-1700)1476 First English book published; spellingis eventually standardized Latin and Greek1564-1616 Shakespeare borrowings and{anachronism, allusion, atmosphere, neologismscapsule, dexterity, halo, agile, external, insane, adapt, erupt, exist,extinguish}Modern English (1700-present)16th-19th C. Imperialism borrowings from various languagesdevelopment of American English19th-20th C. scientific and industrial revolution technical vocabularies === * === * === * === * === The Old English i-umlautOld English change Modern English fo:t- I > fe:t feetlu:s- I > li:s licemann- I >m E nn menda:l I > dæ:l dealfull- I an > f I ll fillbru:d I > bri:d brideGraham Thurgood (English121) 104 Old English Modern English kInn chingI´8ldan yieldkI´8l chillgœ´8r year Old English Modern English ske@´8p sheepski@r shireskI´8ld shieldskE´8kan shake Old English Modern English nOsu nosewulfas wolvesbaTIan batheknafa knaveGraham Thurgood (English121) 105 Middle English to Modern English MiddleModern EnglishEnglish 1. hu@s ‘house’ 2. wi@f ‘wife’ 3. stO@n ‘stone’ 4. he@ ‘he’ 5. hro@f ‘roof’ 6. so@n ‘soon’ 7. hwi@t ‘white’ 8. kwe@n ‘queen’ 9. na@m ‘name’ 10. bO@n ‘bone’ 11. ba@k ‘bake’ 12. hlu@d ‘loud’ 13. li@k ‘like’ 14. wi@d ‘white’ 15. u@r´ ‘our’ 16. Tu@s´nd ‘thousand’ 17. be@´ ‘bee’ 18. be@t ‘beet’ 19. mo@n ‘moon’ 20. do@ ‘do’ 21. dœ@d ‘deed’ 22. tœ@c#´n ‘teach’ 23. hO@l ‘whole’ 24. O@k ‘oak’ 25. ma@d ‘made’Graham Thurgood (English121) 106 The Great Vowel Shift (Early Modern English) 3. Using the chart(s) above as guides, determine what the following Old English words would be in modernEnglish. Involves I-umlaut and the Great Vowel Shift. go@s goose go@@s - I ______________________ wi@f ______________________ hu@s ______________________ lu@s ______________________ lu@s - I ______________________ mu@s ______________________ mu@s - I ______________________ full - Ian ______________________ le@af ______________________ fo@@t - I ______________________ bru@dI ______________________ mann - I