lOMoARcPSD 3142077 MCB 150 Exam 1 Ultimate Review MCB 150 Exam 1 Ultimate Review Molec Cellular Basis Of Life University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Molec Cellular Basis Of Life University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign StuDocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university StuDocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Madison Zaengle madzaengle gmail com lOMoARcPSD 3142077 Lecture 1 Admin stuf Lecture 2 1700s Carl Linnaues Genus species naming system Taxonomy 2 types of cells Eukaryotes o Has a nucleus o Animal cell o Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts o Plasma membrane separates cell from extracellular space o Organelles are compartmentalized Has a nuclear envelope Double membrane o Mitochondria o Nucleus o Lysosome o ER Smooth rough o golgi Prokaryotes o Does not have a nucleus o Have a cell wall usually but not always present o Plasma membrane every cell has to have a plasma membrane o Cytoplasm inside the cell o Nucleoid region not separated by a membrane Just hanging out in the cytoplasm Where geneic material is found Usually a single chromosome Domains of Life o Unil 1977 superkingdoms Prokaryotes eukaryotes w o nuclear membrane and membrane bound organelles w a nuclear membrane and membrane bound organelles o Carl Woese UIUC Compared small subunit rRNAs Essenial in every organism Downloaded by Madison Zaengle madzaengle gmail com lOMoARcPSD 3142077 Closer the rRNAs the closer they are related Why rRNA Evoluionarily ancient Found in all organisms Have the same funcion in all organism Highly conserved o Evolved slowly o Any changes are very important Conclusion Prokaryotes are 2 disinct groups of organisms o Bacteria true bacteria like E coli Found everywhere o Archaea ancient prokaryotes Found in extreme habitats Archaea more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria Extreme heat pressure acids salts gases New TREE OF LIFE o 3 DOMAINS Bacteria archaea No nuclear membrane No membrane bound organelles Typically 1 10 microns 1 chromosome o Mostly circular Eurkarya Nuclear membrane Has organelles 10 100 microns More than 1 chromosome Linear chromosomes Intro to Cells o Cells need to be compartmentalized o Life is composed of cells o Basic tenets of cell theory Cell is fundamental unit of life All organisms are composed of one or more cells All cells come from pre exising cells o Why are cells so small As the size increases the SA to V raio decreases Need SA for difusion Need V for storage Large enough to sustain metabolism But might be less eicient Downloaded by Madison Zaengle madzaengle gmail com lOMoARcPSD 3142077 o Relaive Size Cells are about 100 10 micrometers Scale of life o Microscopy Light microscope Electron microscopy TEM SEM o More 3 D perspecive Darker images dense material Good for seeing cells and some other subcellular stuf Basic Bacterial Structure Some cells plants most prokaryotes have a rigid cell wall o Providing shape and protecion Every cell is surrounded by a plasma membrane o Allows cells to maintain a constant internal environment o Place where signals are received or sent o Acts as a selecively permeable barriers Outside layer is capsule layer o Thick mucusy layer of complex carbs and proteins o Gives cell extra layer of protecion o Allow it to sick to other stuf o Not every bacterial cell has a capsule o Can someimes be removed o Non essenial but might have advantage if it has it Next is the cell wall Next is plasma membrane Inside is cytoplasm o In the cytoplasm there are ribosomes o Also has nucleoid Contain DNA Lecture 3 Basic Structure of the Eukaryoic Cell Intro to Carbs Plasma membrane o About 15nm wide Nucleus o About 10 microns in diameter Mitochondria Rough ER Smooth ER Golgi Apparatus Downloaded by Madison Zaengle madzaengle gmail com lOMoARcPSD 3142077 Ribosomes o Polyribosomes 4 types of biological macromolecules o Proiens o Nucleic acids o Carbohydrates o Lipids Cell composiion o 70 water o 26 macromolecules o Rest other stuf Macromolecule composiion o Proteins o Nucleic acids o Carbs o Lipids Macromolecules are made up of monomers o Proteins amino acids o Nucleic acids nucleoides o Polysaccharides monosaccharides o Lipids faty acids o Polymerizaion bonding together of monomers Condensaion dehydraion synthesis o Release water o Release energy Hydrolysis o Use a water molecule o Input energy to break the bond o Delta G 0 negaive o Exergonic o Catabolic o Spontaneous o Energy of products is less than energy of reactants Lecture 4 Carbohydrates Uses o Energy sources structural roles like insect exoskeletons and cell walls or cell ideniicaion and recogniion General formula CnH2nOn with a backbone of H C OH Downloaded by Madison Zaengle madzaengle gmail com lOMoARcPSD 3142077 o o Monosaccharides are typically found with 3 5 or 6 carbons o Circularizaion of glucose some monosaccharides have idenical formulas but diferent structures isomers o aldose vs ketose Other monosaccharides have similar formulas and structures but not related funcions o Aldose Glucose Galactose Fructose o Ketose o Deoxyribose vs ribose Trioses o 3 carbon sugar Aldose glyceraldehyde Ketose dihydroxyacetone Pentoses o 5 carbon sugar Downloaded by Madison Zaengle madzaengle gmail com lOMoARcPSD 3142077 Aldose ribose deoxyribose Ketone xylulose When 2 monosaccharides come together they form a glycosidic linkage 4 most common disaccharides Glucose galactose 2 alpha glucoses o Lactose o Maltose o Cellobiose o Sucrose Beta glucose another glucose Glucose fructose Whenever disaccharides form 1 water molecule is taken out Carbs can be modiied o Can link to other molecules When covalently linked to membrane proteins or lipids carbs act as ideniicaion and recogniion molecules chemical markers Polysaccharides serve as chemical sources of energy or structural compounds Blood typing Glycoprotein Glycolipid o Addiion of chemical groups Ex glucose glucosamine o Cellulose o Starch o Glycogen Cellulose o Most abundant organic compound on earth o Found in plant cell walls o Linear unbranched polymer of glucose o H bonds are important o Linked by beta 1 4 glycosidic linkages o Structure o Monomers are beta glucose molecules Starch o Found in deez nuts roots and stems of plant o Energy storage in plants o Helical o Unbranched or loosely branched polymers if glucose o Monomers in chain linked w alpha 1 4 glycosidic linkages o Chains connected w alpha 1 6 glycosidic linkages o Monomers are alpha glucoses Glycogen Downloaded by