Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Objectives & Announcementsfor Monday, August 30•Objectives: Continue Macromolecules & Monomers–Finish Carbohydrates–Begin Proteins–Amino Acid Structure and Properties•Announcements:–MCB 150 Proficiency Exam is tomorrow evening; sign up in 252 Davenport Hall by noon tomorrow–Don’t forget the LON-CAPA post-lecture questions for today’s lecture, due Tuesday at noon–First Weekly Review active now, due Fri. 5:00 PM–Friday, Sept. 3 at 5:00 PM is deadline for adding the course or changing sections“Be 911”Join Illini EMS(www.illiniems.org)*Get CPR, First Responder, or EMT-B Certified**Save Lives**Have FUN!*Come to a General Meeting:*Tuesday*August 31st, 6 pm, 1320 DCLOr *Wednesday*September 8th, 7 pm, 151 Loomis Lab•In maltose and cellobiose, both monosaccharides are glucose, but not all disaccharides have to be the same monomers•The chemical formula for a disaccharide of hexose sugars is C12H22O11–Why does this differ from the general formula of Cn(H2O)n?•One monomer is a monosaccharide•Two monomers are a disaccharide•Several monomers are called an oligosaccharide (oligo = several)•Hundreds or thousands of monomers are a polysaccharide (poly = many)•Carbohydrates can be modified:–Linkage of oligosaccharides to other macromolecules•Carbohydrates can be modified:–Addition of chemical groups•Polysaccharides serve as chemical sources of energy or structural compounds–Cellulose–Starch–Glycogen•Cellulose–the most abundant carbon-containing (i.e. organic) compound on the face of the Earth–found in plant cell walls–linear, unbranched polymer of glucose•Cellulose:•Starch–found chiefly in seeds, fruits, tubers, roots and stems of plants; energy storage–branched polymers of glucose•Starch:•Glycogen–found in muscle and liver cells of animals; energy storage–branched polymers of glucose•Glycogen:•Our next Macromolecule: Proteins–we are the product of our proteins and protein activity•study of proteins and protein activity: PROTEOMICS–account for most of the dry weight in the cell–involved in nearly all types of cell functions:•structure (hair)•storage (egg whites)•transport (red blood cells)•movement (muscles)•regulation /metabolism /catalysis•Most of our (useful) genetic information instructs the cell how to build proteins –– to understand how this occurs, we need to know about the composition of proteins•Proteins are the macromolecule, Amino Acids are the monomer•Basic structure of an amino acid:• The R group is the only group that differs between different amino acids –– it’s what makes one type of amino acid different from another•Proteins are polymers of amino acidsDuring protein synthesis, the protein-building machinery links amino acidsby constructing covalent PEPTIDE BONDS that join the COO- group of oneamino acid to the NH2 group of the next amino acid in the N C direction•Some common terminology:–Two amino acids =–A few amino acids =–A long chain of amino acids =–Polypeptide with a purpose =•20 different amino acids commonly found in proteins –– differ only in R groups, which confer distinct properties to that amino acid–large number of amino acids makes possible a huge number of different amino acid sequences•Amino acid R groups:–4 classes based on charge:•Uncharged, polar•Uncharged, non-polar (hydrophobic, often buried or clustered in interior of proteins)•Positively-charged (basic)•Negatively-charged