Histone Alana Philogene pzyg 1 202 006 cid 15483 paan Centro bGtggBBg chromatin Telomere Q fiber mere arm chromosome All cells in your body have the same DNA difference Gene expressed control dep var o to effect de red control no treatment don t expect anything egg to happen Nucleosomes DNA Double Hell Beads on a Str DNA wound nucleosomes regions of euchromatin regions of hetero Chratin Allele different Variation fa gene diff bases L various mutations u z alleles in diploid Many in population mom dad Variation in genetic info UV study Nina Jablonski vg Gene section of DNA encoding info gene does not cause disease allele or mutations incr Chance ex BRCA 1 gene but the melanocytes eumelanin brown black polygenic trait w multiple gene melanin protects folate in cells from UV light e gn en skin need to absorb UVB vitamin D absorb calcium darker gum surroundings have a lot of UV light so vitamin synth easy L Arctic Circle diet high in fish food incr Vitamin D no sunlight reliance linked SND helps predict association between SNA that s easily genotype d W nearby variant g allele of gene unknown gene A SNP s gene B A SO SNP foreshadows B causative SNP within a gene Chromosome found Inside nucleus of a cell and is made up protein and DNA organized into genes Circular chromosome vs Linear Chromosome Chromatin prokaryotes bacteria eukaryotes mitochondria Chloroplasts eukaryotes only found in nucleus compacted around histones in cytoplasm loosely PACKAGED one origin of Central Dogma DNA RNA protein DNA protein Chromatin multiple origins of replication rep Cation structure affects expression of genes w 0 Changing the DNA sequence viral chromosomes can have either linear circular shapes w DNA RNA steps for SNPs 1 Organize data vertically 2 highlight regions that are different 3 group patients w the same SNPs look at results in study with each haplotype 4 Transcription a aatc tc a a g 5 49M coding strand Ac 3 3 i gqyqa ae riiai i 5 empiate strand Transcription 1 Initiation promoter initiates when RNA pot bind 2 Elongation RNA 9 Ger purine vs Pyrimidine double ring A 9 single ring c T u pure Angel s have wings Chargaff S Rules A T C G A a 1 c C G Att Only applicable to double stranded DNA 3 5 1 111 n RNA 5 Translation Ava Cav Auc ppooiyymmeerraasee 3 Term stop codon Transcript RNA Met HIS Ile polypeptide interspersed Tandem posable DNA 1111111 sequence repetitive trans LINE long interspersed nuclear elements SINE Short Str short tandem repeats dispersed throughout genome VNTR variable nuclear tandem repeats INES Translation 1 Initiation mrna ribo TRNA start codon 2 Elongation codon recognition peptide bond form Translocation 3 Termination stop codon ribose CS o deoxyribose 5 0 C i C C C zi C C OH OH C OH 2 C H OH more unstable DNA is more stable than RNA Nitrogenous bases C1 phosphate group CS and C3 u Ea z A y GIC F A 3 5 Avery What was the trans forming factor 7 Protease Hershey Chase 32 p DNA 35s protein 1 mix radioactive Of Ph 9 phage w bacteria phages infect cell inside Messelson Stahl semi cons conservative s egg dispersive Types of Mutations 1 Molecular changes Nonsense early stop codon silent base change but no protein change py py NO NONSENSE transverse Fraift Location purine pyrimidine Insertion deletion of base Pair somatic one patch affected mutation after zygote formed germline entire organism has it R recessive D dominant birth hereditary gametes reduces or eliminate function phenotype loss of function R D gain of function enhanced new function nu complete loss of function regulatory maintenance lethal harm to cell neutral no Impacts Griffith main there is a trans forming factor transferred from S R cells tinny ce virulent Heat killed g ce u living 11 R cells nonvirulent living R Heat killed 11 s cell living 1115 found in the tissue 11k cells heat killed 11 s lprotein enzyme no transform 2 Agitate in a blender ation occurred to shake off separate 3 Centrifuge mixture 50 bacteria forms pellet bottom of test no radio RN Aase RNA enzyme transformation active de occurred zgg tube 32p Jg If 11 7 bacter Ff bacteria radioactive detected inside DN Aase 1115 DNA enzyme treated transformation occurred vnone neg control transformation telomerase Extension DNA Replication ex cytosine temporarily teammates becoming ra which then pairs with adenine u C shift a CG Ta C G C a CIG T A a pyr pyr q a pier Pur Transition 51 31 SSBP z L gy gg s SSBP discont lagging Okazaki fragment cofetad MY RN primer 3 SPB gggg g 1 DNA opened un wounded primed Helicase break It bond DNA pagomero se unwind DNA POI 1 remove primer prima e synth ggpgp stabilize 9C ligase strand DNA 3 3 gang Boss 1h99 3 g Topoisomerase 2 Synthesis of leading strand begins DNA Dol works s 3 synth lead sliding clamp 3 Okazaki fragment DNA poll remove Primer DNA ligase join OKAZAKI fragments ex a tautomer IC shift caused cytosine to pair agg 1A with adenine a T A C G C GC a C T Mr PM G Ai Pur Pw Transition C shift G q further A A C a a ca c u c G CIG A ransver H bond break PCR 1 Denaturation 95 C 2 Hybridization 55 C r n heated double stranded DNA cid 15482 DNA template DNA Primer Ntp free nucleotides TAQ Polymerase tag synthesizes DNA every cycle DNA 2 L primer anneal 3 Extension 72 C Components Get Electrophoresis DNA is negative attracted to cathode pop product loaded into well smaller pieces move faster location of DNA in gel f une shows up at desired length 1 is visualized V19 a dye regardless of brightness