WOH1023 Midterm Study Guide Week 1 Why do we study History it helps predict the future and it s important to understand how much has changed and what has caused some of those changes Themes of the course keep these in mind Week 2 The Middle Ages Christianity Feudalism exchanging land for service King Lords Knights Peasants Serfs Manorialism a social system where peasants are depended on the land and the lord setup includes manor 3 fields church workshop etc fief the act of granting land to another an estate of land Chivalry an extensive code of ethic practiced by Knights Knights vassals to Lords that provide military service and homage while receiving food protection and shelter Crusades a group of military persons set out by religious leaders In the Middle East sent out to capture and hold the Holy Land from the Turks 1095 1291 this was an effort by the Pope to reunite the Eastern and Western churches many Knight interpreted his orders wrongly by massacring any non Christians In Europe Albigensian Crusade 1209 1229 where they killed everyone that they found Baltic Crusades 12th 13th Centuries where the German Teutonic Knights protected the Christians from the Pagans The Papacy the amount of time a particular Pope is in office Monastic Orders religious orders monks saints that lead lives of meditation that became very popular around 800 and 900 AD they often live simply and in poverty some have vows of silence and a lot of them reprinted books manuscripts to continue the knowledge Universities schools that wealthier men attended to learn mostly about religious practices as well as how to read and write by instructors who professed the faith assistants to the teachers would be present and would benefit by listening in women could only be educated by tutors Illuminated manuscripts lavishing handwritten books that focused on detail and extravagant framing usually made by monastic orders Art and culture in the Middle Ages at this time artists remained anonymous and there was a big emergence of large stained glass pieces in cathedrals Medieval art on wood and paint made with egg yolks and themes were religious or military details had scale and perception issues 12th Century Renaissance different from week 4 big change in architecture law and philosophy education literature art etc Romanesque and Gothic style although Latin was the most common language vernacular local languages were abundant St Thomas Aquinas and Francis of Assisi monastic order saints of the Catholic Church that are the most famous examples of how to live a Godly life on earth Aquinas used reason and logic to support the existence of God which was the foundation for debatable thought and reasoning at this time philosophy and law Aristotle was a Greek philosopher scientist who started the beginning of many theory s and reasoning in order to understand the world around us believed that all knowledge is based on an individuals own perception probably was a major influence to philosophers in the 1400 s The Vikings primarily raiders and traders they used the tribute system and were custom to weapon use a large contributor to the fall of Rome due to the many wars and invasions Cathedrals 1 Romanesque styles 11th century that had massive structures large chambers and from the top the Cathedrals are shaped like a cross with stone roofs Roman arches used to carry the weight of the roof often dark on inside because there was not a lot of room for windows done on purpose because it s an intimate space plain on the inside sense of community in the 12th century Gothic style became popular very expensive many incomplete Cathedrals interior glass was very important stained glass the richer would be made with stories much more decorated inside portraying inspiration instead of intimacy flying buttress is the structure on outside that supports weight of tall thin walls gargoyles present spirits that scare the evil away not meant to be evil themselves Week 3 The Silk Road a major trade route extending to Europe everything travels with it from China to the Middle East huge control by the Mongols Marco Polo European merchant who traveled all the way to China and was the first to document it introduced Europe to the far East known for his great observation and his love to learn many historians believe that some of his stories may be made up The Black Death the Plague followed along a similar route as the Silk Road killing a lot of people could have come from merchant ships or land traders Mongol Empire very violent raiders who conquered and were famous for their administration good organization with local elites Largest land Empire in history successful in battle due to their perfected horse archery charged tolls on the trade routes which they had a lot of control of Wan Dynasty is one of the last Mongol run empires before the Mings overthrew them Pax Mongolica an understanding between the Mongols and the inhabitants of the lands that they conquered where communication was easier and peace was obtained under Mongol rule Hanseatic League an alliance between northern German cities such as Denmark Norway etc formed in the 1300 s held their own legal system and armies done in order to take back some control of trade routes Gunpowder a major trading good on the Silk Road invented by the Chinese against the Mongols and spread through the Middle East to Europe Medieval innovations at this time Philosophy and Law became very popular Scholasticism began gaining knowledge by questioning everything around you storytelling also became very popular and a main way of remembering history Troubadours and Dante art brought much more color and a focus on military and religious themes death and hell became a very popular art theme and obsession at this time Week 4 The Renaissance Difference between Italian and Northern Renaissances the Italian Renaissance ancient Rome has a greater focus on religion rebirth and humanism Northern Renaissance had an impact on looking forward instead of backwards while Italian focused on classical art and the use of history to piece together the past Niccolo Machiavelli humanist during the Italian Renaissance that wrote the famous piece The Prince the odd thing was that religion was so important at this time but this famous work did not mention it at all but instead focused on being loved or being feared as a way of life Art and culture in the Renaissance consisted of the rediscovery of classical culture by unearthing old