WOH1023 Exam No 2 Study Guide 1 Rome city founded by Latin speaking villages collected around seven hills adjacent to Tiber River The mythical version of the founding of Rome comes from the story of Romulus and Remus who were twins raised by a she wolf Romulus killed his brother and founded Rome Rome was under the control of Etruscans It was not a glorious time for Romans but the Etruscans did leave very important influences on the Roman identity Rome s engineering and form of government which had been adapted from the Etruscans Rome was renowned for its ability to organize itself as a city It carried out history s first census In 753 509 BCE Rome was ruled by a series of Kings until tyrannical last king was overthrown and replaced by Republic There was a great understanding and respect for individual liberty A census counted Roman citizens and divided them into classes It gave them rights It was the great innovation of Servius and gave the people a say in how their city was run Each of the cities social classes should provide soldiers for the Roman Army They were called Legions It created a level of organization unheard of in the ancient world This laid the foundation for the basis of the Roman Republic The Roman government was largely dominated by wealthy aristocrats Patricians controlled the majority of the political processes but protests and uprisings by commoners Plebeians lead to establishment of constitution and office of Tribune 2 Imperium Roman concept of authority to rule exercised in varying degrees by all magistrates Is derived from individual strength of character respect of tradition and order Consuls were the highest ranking magistrate in Roman Republic Two elected for one year non repetitive term Powers include right to command troops in battle 3 Tribune Plebian elected representative in Senate Held right of veto I forbid and were considered sacrosanct i e they cannot be killed or injured Two elected to one year term A constant tension between Patricians and Plebeians Plebeians even tried to succeed from Rome and form their own republic The patricians got the message and created a new office tribune this form of office can only be held by the Plebeians The Tribunes represent the Plebeians in the Senate A Tribune veto cannot be overwritten This kind of helped ease the tensions but the friction and power inequality will come up time and time again in the future 4 Via Appia also known as the Appian Way this famous Roman road was built in 213 BCE to connect Rome with Capua It is still in use today 2200 years after it was first built The Romans would dig a ditch 1 fill it in with soil and place in the stones higher in the middle than in the sides water drainage The roads were used for rapid movement of soldiers the roads were important for trade move commerce and trade back in forth to generate revenue building good relations with other Roman city states it was a form of diplomacy 5 Aqueducts gravity powered system to transport water across great distances First built in 312 BCE and used for irrigation as well as providing Roman cities with fresh water 6 Brennus in 387 BCE an army of Gauls led by Brennus invaded Italy 7 Legion 4th century BCE Consisted of 4 000 to 5000 men organized and defeated the Roman army at the Battle of Allia The Gauls occupied Rome and demanded a ransom of 1 000 lbs of gold Vae Vicitis Woe to the Vanquished Although the Gauls were eventually defeated and driven out the event became a turning point in Roman history The cities defenses strengthened and the Greek based military system was overhauled Romans built walls to defend themselves so they would never be as defenseless as they were against the Gauls ever again They developed a hatred for Gauls and Celts forever and they made sure they would never be found flat footed again The Romans also realized their military structure the Phalanx needed structure The next occupation of Rome by foreign forces would occur in 410 CE into heavy and light infantry There were 10 cohorts of 480 and a regiment of 80 led by a centurion Legions were almost made up exclusively of patricians because they could afford the supplies The average Roman solider was short and in good physical shape were a series of conflicts fought between Rome and the North African city state of Carthage Carthage always had the advantage at sea but Rome had the advantage on land The First War 264 241 BCE was primarily fought at sea and it established Rome as a naval power It ended with Rome in control of Sicily but Carthage regained control of North Africa and Spain Rome used the land bridges to get on Carthage boats and battle them there The Second War 218 201 BCE featured Hannibal s invasion of Italy and string of near devastating Roman defeats The War ended with Hannibal s defeat at the Battle of Zama and reduction of Carthage to a minor power This was Hannibal s only defeat The Third War was centered on a three year Roman siege and destruction of Carthage The roman senator Cato who always wanted Carthage destroyed basically caused this war to happen Rome became the established dominant power in the Mediterranean but also 8 Punic Wars the Punic Wars lasted from 264 to 146 BCE The wars 2 10 9 Battle of Cannae the son of a Carthaginian general from the First ended up with an exhausted treasury and serious social problems with their allies and the plebeians Punic War invaded Italy with an army of 52 000 men and 45 elephants He wins a victory at Trebia and Lake Transmiene In 216 BCE Hannibal confronts a Roman Army of 86 000 men near Canne This battle is the one that Romans are most ashamed of Hannibal undertook a double envelope and surrounded the Roman center killing 50 000 The Battle of Cannae was acknowledged as the greatest defeat of Roman arms throughout the Republic At Cannae Hannibal put a lot of inexperienced soldiers in the middle and invited the Romans to attack them He trapped them all with the more experienced soldiers collapsing in 60 000 Romans were killed as well as many senators and Roman counselors who were also slain Despite this great defeat Rome rebounded with new leadership and went after all of the Carthage armies besides Hannibal s Eventually Hannibal became trapped by a circle of Romans and could not make an impact on the war Hannibal was hunted by the Romans because of what he did to them and ends up committing suicide Marian Reforms Gaius Marius was a successful and popular Roman general who held the office of